Lab 11

Question 1

… meaning gene (DNA) and protein sequences, are accumulating at an increasing rate bc of recent advances in molecular biology

Answer 1

macromolecular data

Question 2

comparisons of the DNA sequences of various genes between different organisms can tell a scientist a lot about the relationships of organisms that cannot otherwise be inferred from …, or an organism’s outer form and inner structure

Answer 2

morphology

Question 3

because genomes evolve by the gradual accumulation of mutations, the amount of … difference between a pair of genomes from different organisms should indicate how recently those two genomes shared a common ancestor

Answer 3

nucleotide sequence

Question 4

… attempts to determine the rates and patterns of change occurring in DNA and proteins and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of genes and organisms

Answer 4

molecular phylogenetics

Question 5

in the 1st approach, scientists use DNA to study the evolution of an organism. in the 2nd, different organisms are used to study the evolution of DNA. whatever the approach, the general goal is to …: the processes of organismal evolution deduced from patterns of DNA variation and processes of molecular evolution inferred from the patterns of variations in the DNA itself

Answer 5

infer process from pattern

Question 6

in this exercise, you’ll be exploring .., an open-access database of all publicly available genetic sequences

Answer 6

GenBank

Question 7

in plants, reproduction can occur sexually by seed, or asexually by offshoots that remain connected to the parent plant. this reproductive strategy, called … reproduction, makes it difficult to say where one individual stops and the next begins

Answer 7

clonal

Question 8

once the individual is defined ecologists working with stationary organisms such as trees or corals can use … samples, called …, to estimate the number of individuals in a larger area
mobile animals are usually simpler to define as individuals, but harder to count, because they tend to move around, mix together, and hide

Answer 8

spatial; quadrats

Question 9

for zoologists, a fuzzy definition of the space occupied by the population often forces an arbitrary designation of the … group, such as the ‘population’ of robins nesting on campus in the spring

Answer 9

survey

Question 10

knowing the number of animals in a designated area is interesting, but we must bear in mind that the ecological population is defined in terms of … among organisms of the same species and not by convenience

Answer 10

interactions

Question 11

after defining the individual and establishing the limits of the population you wish to count, your next task is to choose a counting method. arctic and prairie habitats such as the tundra lend themselves to accurate survey by …, which works poorly in forests, at night, underwater, or in soil habitats

Answer 11

aerial counts

Question 12

if animals can be collected/observed in a standard time or collecting effort, you can get an idea of …, but not absolute numbers

Answer 12

relative abundance

Question 13

for estimates of absolute numbers, … methods can be very effective. the first step is to capture and mark a sample of individuals. marked animals are immediately released as close as possible to the collection site. after giving the animals time to recover and to mix randomly with the whole population, the ecologist goes out on a second collecting trip and gathers a second sample of the organisms. the size of the population can then be estimated from the number of … individuals recapture don the second day

Answer 13

mark-recapture; marked

Question 14

the assumption behind mark-recapture methods is that the proportion of marked individuals recqptured in the second sample represents the proportion of marked individuals in the … as a whole.
R/S = M/N
R = number of animals … at a second time
S = size of the … on the second capture
M = number of animals … and released
N = estimated …

Answer 14

population 
recaptured 
sample 
marked 
population size

Question 15

N = MS/R is called the … of population size

Answer 15

Lincoln-Peterson Index

Question 16

in the rearranged version of the general formula for Lincoln Peterson, the smaller the number of recaptures, the … the estimate of population size

Answer 16

larger

Question 17

(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) individuals with marks have the … probability of survival as other members of the population –> choose marking method that doesn’t harm animal

Answer 17

same

Question 18

(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) … and … do not occur in significant numbers between the time of release and the time of recapture

Answer 18

births; deaths

Question 19

(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) … and … do nor occur in significant numbers between the time of release and the time of recapture (not births and deaths)

Answer 19

immigration; emigration

Question 20

(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) marked individuals mix … with the population at large

Answer 20

randomly

Question 21

(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) marked animals are neither …, nor …, to capture a second time

Answer 21

easier; harder

Question 22

(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) marks do not … your marked organisms

Answer 22

come off

Question 23

(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) recapture rates are … to support an accurate estimate

Answer 23

high enough

Question 24

the recapture rates being high enough assumption is usually violated. to correct for this source of error, ecologists often use a slightly modified form of the Lincoln-Peterson index, called the .. :
N =

Answer 24

bailey;

M(S + 1)/ R + 1

Question 25

… give you an idea of the accuracy of your estimate

Answer 25

confidence intervals