Lab 11 Flashcards
… meaning gene (DNA) and protein sequences, are accumulating at an increasing rate bc of recent advances in molecular biology
macromolecular data
comparisons of the DNA sequences of various genes between different organisms can tell a scientist a lot about the relationships of organisms that cannot otherwise be inferred from …, or an organism’s outer form and inner structure
morphology
because genomes evolve by the gradual accumulation of mutations, the amount of … difference between a pair of genomes from different organisms should indicate how recently those two genomes shared a common ancestor
nucleotide sequence
… attempts to determine the rates and patterns of change occurring in DNA and proteins and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of genes and organisms
molecular phylogenetics
in the 1st approach, scientists use DNA to study the evolution of an organism. in the 2nd, different organisms are used to study the evolution of DNA. whatever the approach, the general goal is to …: the processes of organismal evolution deduced from patterns of DNA variation and processes of molecular evolution inferred from the patterns of variations in the DNA itself
infer process from pattern
in this exercise, you’ll be exploring .., an open-access database of all publicly available genetic sequences
GenBank
in plants, reproduction can occur sexually by seed, or asexually by offshoots that remain connected to the parent plant. this reproductive strategy, called … reproduction, makes it difficult to say where one individual stops and the next begins
clonal
once the individual is defined ecologists working with stationary organisms such as trees or corals can use … samples, called …, to estimate the number of individuals in a larger area
mobile animals are usually simpler to define as individuals, but harder to count, because they tend to move around, mix together, and hide
spatial; quadrats
for zoologists, a fuzzy definition of the space occupied by the population often forces an arbitrary designation of the … group, such as the ‘population’ of robins nesting on campus in the spring
survey
knowing the number of animals in a designated area is interesting, but we must bear in mind that the ecological population is defined in terms of … among organisms of the same species and not by convenience
interactions
after defining the individual and establishing the limits of the population you wish to count, your next task is to choose a counting method. arctic and prairie habitats such as the tundra lend themselves to accurate survey by …, which works poorly in forests, at night, underwater, or in soil habitats
aerial counts
if animals can be collected/observed in a standard time or collecting effort, you can get an idea of …, but not absolute numbers
relative abundance
for estimates of absolute numbers, … methods can be very effective. the first step is to capture and mark a sample of individuals. marked animals are immediately released as close as possible to the collection site. after giving the animals time to recover and to mix randomly with the whole population, the ecologist goes out on a second collecting trip and gathers a second sample of the organisms. the size of the population can then be estimated from the number of … individuals recapture don the second day
mark-recapture; marked
the assumption behind mark-recapture methods is that the proportion of marked individuals recqptured in the second sample represents the proportion of marked individuals in the … as a whole.
R/S = M/N
R = number of animals … at a second time
S = size of the … on the second capture
M = number of animals … and released
N = estimated …
population recaptured sample marked population size
N = MS/R is called the … of population size
Lincoln-Peterson Index
in the rearranged version of the general formula for Lincoln Peterson, the smaller the number of recaptures, the … the estimate of population size
larger
(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) individuals with marks have the … probability of survival as other members of the population –> choose marking method that doesn’t harm animal
same
(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) … and … do not occur in significant numbers between the time of release and the time of recapture
births; deaths
(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) … and … do nor occur in significant numbers between the time of release and the time of recapture (not births and deaths)
immigration; emigration
(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) marked individuals mix … with the population at large
randomly
(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) marked animals are neither …, nor …, to capture a second time
easier; harder
(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) marks do not … your marked organisms
come off
(assumptions of Lincoln Peterson) recapture rates are … to support an accurate estimate
high enough
the recapture rates being high enough assumption is usually violated. to correct for this source of error, ecologists often use a slightly modified form of the Lincoln-Peterson index, called the .. :
N =
bailey;
M(S + 1)/ R + 1
… give you an idea of the accuracy of your estimate
confidence intervals
