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Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

selection can lead to

A

adaptations

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2
Q

selection pressures can come from the … (… factors) or … (… factors)

A

environment; abiotic; interactions with other organisms; biotic

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3
Q

…: a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms that bear it

A

adaptation

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4
Q

…: the lifetime pattern of growth, maturation and reproduction that is characteristic of a population or species

A

life history

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5
Q

mayflies live a maximum of a … a day

A

few hours

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6
Q

elephants have a gestation period of

A

2 yrs

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7
Q

differences in life history are due to … organisms have limited resources, and they allocate their resources based on … (abiotic, biotic)

A

tradeoffs; selection pressures

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8
Q

…: explains phenotypes (behavior and physical attributes) through the lens of life history changing through selection

A

life history theory

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9
Q

life history theory: Darwinian demon
hypothetical organism that has … with respect to life history: would reproduce directly after …, produce … offspring, and live …

A

maximum fitness; birth; infinite; indefinitely

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10
Q

bears are a … type strategist

A

k

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11
Q 
K-selection 
often ... body size (...)
... life expectancy 
... offspring, ... in life
substantial ...
A

large; investment
longer
fewer; later
parental care

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12
Q 
r-selection: 
typically ... body size
... life expectancy 
high ..., ...
little to no ... 
high ...
A 
smaller 
short
fecundity; early 
parental care
dispersal
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13
Q 
key components of life history: 
... 
.. 
... 
...
A

maintenance
growth
storage
reproduction

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14
Q

growth =

A

body size

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15
Q

reproduction =
… of offspring
… of reproduction
…

A

number; age; parental care

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16
Q

for plants, … (how much energy is being invested in creating seeds) is part of parental care

A

seed construction

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17
Q

higher risk of mortality = … reproduction, … offspring

lower risk of mortality = … reproduction, … offspring

A

faster; more

slower; fewer

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18
Q

maintenance =

A

life span

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19
Q

storage = …/..

usually tied to how … resources are in the environment

A

fat; starch; reliable

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20
Q

a predator is a … for life history

A

selection pressure

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21
Q

organisms evolve in response to the … in which they live

A

ecosystem

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22
Q

ecosystem: … (environment) + … (community)

A

abiotic; biotic

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23
Q

community: all populations of .. that interact within the same area

A

different species

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24
Q

population:

all individuals of a species living in the

A

same area

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25
Q

there are millions of species on the planet, but only a … of these species are found in any one location

A

subset

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26
Q 
ecological filtering: 
... 
... 
local ... conditions
local .. conditions 
...
A 
climate
landscape
abiotic 
biotic 
dispersal
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27
Q

..: movement of individuals to new locations

A

dispersal

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28
Q

the … determines which species are present in a location

A

ecosystem

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29
Q

interactions determine the … (… component) of an ecosystem

A

community; biotic

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30
Q

an ecological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community …
types of interactions are defined based on the .. of the interaction for both species

A

have on each other; outcome

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31
Q

mutualism: …/…
competition: …/…
predation: ../…
parasitism: …/..
herbivory: …/…
commensalism: …/…

A 
\+/+
-/-
\+/-
\+/-
\+/-
\+/0
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32
Q

competition, predation, parasitism, herbivory are … interactions where at least one participant loses

A

antagonistic

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33
Q

competition- limited …
…: within the same species
…: between different species

A

resources
intraspecific
interspecific

34
Q

competition can be …

A

asymmetric

35
Q

two major types of competition:
… competition: use up the resource first
… competition: prevent others from accessing the resource

A

exploitation

interference

36
Q

..: multidimensional habitat that allows a species to practice its way of life

37
Q

..: a species entire potential niche

A

fundamental niche

38
Q

…: the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies

A

realized niche

39
Q

niche is determined by … and … factors

A

biotic; abiotic

40
Q

…: when one species prevents another from occupying a particular habitat

A

competitive exclusion

41
Q

… via …: when competing species each utilize different parts of the niche

A

coexistence; niche differentiation

42
Q

… (aka …): when competing species divide up the available niche space

A

niche differentiation; niche partitioning

43
Q

…: one species benefits while the other species is unaffected

A

commensalism

44
Q

..: both species benefit

45
Q

types of mutualistic benefits:
…/…- provide energy and/or nutrition to another organism
… - provides a home for or protection/defense of another organism, can include pest control
… - provides transport of the organism or its gametes (e.g. dispersal or pollination)

A

energetic; nutritional
protective
transport

46
Q

…: change of a biological species triggered by the change of another species
two (or more) species … affect each other’s evolution –> can occur at the species or the population level

A

coevolution; reciprocally

47
Q

coevolution can occur as a result of an … but not all of these are coevolutionary

A

interaction between species

48
Q

coevolution requires … –> both species must impact each other

A

reciprocity

49
Q

…: required mutualism

…: nice but not necessary

A

obligate; facultative

50
Q

… - … as many microbe cells as human cells

51
Q

some of the microbes for humans are … (meaning no harm to host), or …, many …

A

commensal; parasitic; mutualistic

52
Q

hundreds of genera of microbes, about … or more species in the gut alone

53
Q

decreases in the diversity of our … might be responsible for some health problems in humans

A

microfauna

54
Q

coevolution: predatory and prey

…

55
Q

how predator/prey and parasite/host interactions differ:
parasites don’t always …
parasites live .. or …

A

kill their hosts

in or on hosts

56
Q

…: the complete range of species, genetic variation within species and ecosystems

A

biodiversity

57
Q

biological species concept:

Mayr (1940): species are groups of actually or potentially … natural populations that are … from other such groups

A

interbreeding; reproductively isolated

58
Q 
biological species concept: 
great for using in a ... framework
can be hard to apply to: 
... organisms 
... organisms 
...
A

theoretical;
asexual
extinct
hybrids

59
Q

… species concept:
individuals that look alike are the same species
useful when in the field, or you have limited other info

A

morphological species

60
Q

… = same species, different phenotypes

A

polymorphism

61
Q

… dimorphism

62
Q 
morphological species concept: 
can be hard to apply to 
.. 
... 
... species 
...
A

polymorphisms
life stages
cryptic
mimics

63
Q

… species concept: definition of species based on morphological differences known only from the fossil record

A

paleontological

64
Q

… species concept:

same niche, same species

A

ecological

65
Q

… species concept (evSC)

common ancestry and common fate

A

evolutionary

66
Q

… species concept:
the smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

A

phylogenetic

67
Q

are species real?

no one definition has satisfied all …; yet they all know vaguely what they mean when they speak of a species

A

naturalists

68
Q 
steps of allopatric speciation in order: 
single group of ... individuals 
... separation = decrease in ... 
genetic ... 
reproductive ... = formation of ..
A

interbreeding
geographic; gene flow
divergence
isolation; 2 new species

69
Q

reproduction isolation is considered equivalent to formation o 2 species based on the

A

biological species concept

70
Q

allopatric: different place
population splits either by … or …
population diverges genetically over time

A

vicariance; dispersal

71
Q

…: gene flow reduces variation between two species

A

homogenization

72
Q

speciation:
a single interbreeding population is split into 2 populations
the two populations diverge … bc different mutations occur and become fixed in each population over time. intermittently, we take individuals from each population and test them to see whether they can still …
… may be different in each population
speciation occurs when the two populations are no longer able to produce .., … offspring
.. acts differentially on each population

A

genetically; interbreed
selection pressures
viable; fertile
genetic drift

73
Q

(speciation) reproductive isolation:
…: preventing fertilization
…: preventing viable (capable of reproducing) offspring

A

prezygotic; postzygotic

74
Q

reproductive isolation is not geographic separation
reproductive isolation: unable to … (produce fertile, viable offspring) even if in the same location
geographic separation: physical separation (a barrier, a great distance)

A

successfully breed

75
Q 
reproductive isolation: 
pre-zygotic barriers
… (e.g. mating behaviors) 
.. (e.g. parts don't fit together) 
… (e.g. egg and sperm don't fuse) 
… (e.g. time of day, time of yr) 
… (e.g. niches)
A 
behavior
mechanical 
gametic
temporal 
ecological
76
Q

reproductive isolation
post-zygotic barriers:
… (e.g. ploidy- different number of chromosomes, infertility of offspring)
offspring not … (offspring don’t survive or survive a much lower rate)

A

genetic incompatibility

viable

77
Q

reproductive barriers can allow for further …

A

genetic divergence

78
Q

geographic separation = decrease in …

79
Q

geographic separation prevents gene flow through:
…
…

A

physical barrier

distance

80
Q

genetic divergence:
…
…
…

A

mutation
selection
genetic drift

Eco Evo (11 decks)

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