Quiz 2 Flashcards
1
Q
selection can lead to
A
adaptations
2
Q
selection pressures can come from the … (… factors) or … (… factors)
A
environment; abiotic; interactions with other organisms; biotic
3
Q
…: a characteristic that enhances the survival or reproduction of organisms that bear it
A
adaptation
4
Q
…: the lifetime pattern of growth, maturation and reproduction that is characteristic of a population or species
A
life history
5
Q
mayflies live a maximum of a … a day
A
few hours
6
Q
elephants have a gestation period of
A
2 yrs
7
Q
differences in life history are due to … organisms have limited resources, and they allocate their resources based on … (abiotic, biotic)
A
tradeoffs; selection pressures
8
Q
…: explains phenotypes (behavior and physical attributes) through the lens of life history changing through selection
A
life history theory
9
Q
life history theory: Darwinian demon
hypothetical organism that has … with respect to life history: would reproduce directly after …, produce … offspring, and live …
A
maximum fitness; birth; infinite; indefinitely
10
Q
bears are a … type strategist
A
k
11
Q
K-selection often ... body size (...) ... life expectancy ... offspring, ... in life substantial ...
A
large; investment
longer
fewer; later
parental care
12
Q
r-selection: typically ... body size ... life expectancy high ..., ... little to no ... high ...
A
smaller short fecundity; early parental care dispersal
13
Q
key components of life history: ... .. ... ...
A
maintenance
growth
storage
reproduction
14
Q
growth =
A
body size
15
Q
reproduction =
… of offspring
… of reproduction
…
A
number; age; parental care
16
Q
for plants, … (how much energy is being invested in creating seeds) is part of parental care
A
seed construction
17
Q
higher risk of mortality = … reproduction, … offspring
lower risk of mortality = … reproduction, … offspring
A
faster; more
slower; fewer
18
Q
maintenance =
A
life span
19
Q
storage = …/..
usually tied to how … resources are in the environment
A
fat; starch; reliable
20
Q
a predator is a … for life history
A
selection pressure
21
Q
organisms evolve in response to the … in which they live
A
ecosystem
22
Q
ecosystem: … (environment) + … (community)
A
abiotic; biotic
23
Q
community: all populations of .. that interact within the same area
A
different species
24
Q
population:
all individuals of a species living in the
A
same area
25
there are millions of species on the planet, but only a ... of these species are found in any one location
subset
26
```
ecological filtering:
...
...
local ... conditions
local .. conditions
...
```
```
climate
landscape
abiotic
biotic
dispersal
```
27
..: movement of individuals to new locations
dispersal
28
the ... determines which species are present in a location
ecosystem
29
interactions determine the ... (... component) of an ecosystem
community; biotic
30
an ecological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community ...
types of interactions are defined based on the .. of the interaction for both species
have on each other; outcome
31
mutualism: .../...
competition: .../...
predation: ../...
parasitism: .../..
herbivory: .../...
commensalism: .../...
```
+/+
-/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/0
```
32
competition, predation, parasitism, herbivory are ... interactions where at least one participant loses
antagonistic
33
competition- limited ...
...: within the same species
...: between different species
resources
intraspecific
interspecific
34
competition can be ...
asymmetric
35
two major types of competition:
... competition: use up the resource first
... competition: prevent others from accessing the resource
exploitation
| interference
36
..: multidimensional habitat that allows a species to practice its way of life
niche
37
..: a species entire potential niche
fundamental niche
38
...: the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies
realized niche
39
niche is determined by ... and ... factors
biotic; abiotic
40
...: when one species prevents another from occupying a particular habitat
competitive exclusion
41
... via ...: when competing species each utilize different parts of the niche
coexistence; niche differentiation
42
... (aka ...): when competing species divide up the available niche space
niche differentiation; niche partitioning
43
...: one species benefits while the other species is unaffected
commensalism
44
..: both species benefit
mutualism
45
types of mutualistic benefits:
.../...- provide energy and/or nutrition to another organism
... - provides a home for or protection/defense of another organism, can include pest control
... - provides transport of the organism or its gametes (e.g. dispersal or pollination)
energetic; nutritional
protective
transport
46
...: change of a biological species triggered by the change of another species
two (or more) species ... affect each other's evolution --> can occur at the species or the population level
coevolution; reciprocally
47
coevolution can occur as a result of an ... but not all of these are coevolutionary
interaction between species
48
coevolution requires ... --> both species must impact each other
reciprocity
49
...: required mutualism
| ...: nice but not necessary
obligate; facultative
50
... - ... as many microbe cells as human cells
10x-1x
51
some of the microbes for humans are ... (meaning no harm to host), or ..., many ...
commensal; parasitic; mutualistic
52
hundreds of genera of microbes, about ... or more species in the gut alone
1000
53
decreases in the diversity of our ... might be responsible for some health problems in humans
microfauna
54
coevolution: predatory and prey
| ...
arms race
55
how predator/prey and parasite/host interactions differ:
parasites don't always ...
parasites live .. or ...
kill their hosts
| in or on hosts
56
...: the complete range of species, genetic variation within species and ecosystems
biodiversity
57
biological species concept:
| Mayr (1940): species are groups of actually or potentially ... natural populations that are ... from other such groups
interbreeding; reproductively isolated
58
```
biological species concept:
great for using in a ... framework
can be hard to apply to:
... organisms
... organisms
...
```
theoretical;
asexual
extinct
hybrids
59
... species concept:
individuals that look alike are the same species
useful when in the field, or you have limited other info
morphological species
60
... = same species, different phenotypes
polymorphism
61
... dimorphism
sexual
62
```
morphological species concept:
can be hard to apply to
..
...
... species
...
```
polymorphisms
life stages
cryptic
mimics
63
... species concept: definition of species based on morphological differences known only from the fossil record
paleontological
64
... species concept:
| same niche, same species
ecological
65
... species concept (evSC)
| common ancestry and common fate
evolutionary
66
... species concept:
the smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent
phylogenetic
67
are species real?
| no one definition has satisfied all ...; yet they all know vaguely what they mean when they speak of a species
naturalists
68
```
steps of allopatric speciation in order:
single group of ... individuals
... separation = decrease in ...
genetic ...
reproductive ... = formation of ..
```
interbreeding
geographic; gene flow
divergence
isolation; 2 new species
69
reproduction isolation is considered equivalent to formation o 2 species based on the
biological species concept
70
allopatric: different place
population splits either by ... or ...
population diverges genetically over time
vicariance; dispersal
71
...: gene flow reduces variation between two species
homogenization
72
speciation:
a single interbreeding population is split into 2 populations
the two populations diverge ... bc different mutations occur and become fixed in each population over time. intermittently, we take individuals from each population and test them to see whether they can still ...
... may be different in each population
speciation occurs when the two populations are no longer able to produce .., ... offspring
.. acts differentially on each population
genetically; interbreed
selection pressures
viable; fertile
genetic drift
73
(speciation) reproductive isolation:
...: preventing fertilization
...: preventing viable (capable of reproducing) offspring
prezygotic; postzygotic
74
reproductive isolation is not geographic separation
reproductive isolation: unable to … (produce fertile, viable offspring) even if in the same location
geographic separation: physical separation (a barrier, a great distance)
successfully breed
75
```
reproductive isolation:
pre-zygotic barriers
… (e.g. mating behaviors)
.. (e.g. parts don't fit together)
… (e.g. egg and sperm don't fuse)
… (e.g. time of day, time of yr)
… (e.g. niches)
```
```
behavior
mechanical
gametic
temporal
ecological
```
76
reproductive isolation
post-zygotic barriers:
… (e.g. ploidy- different number of chromosomes, infertility of offspring)
offspring not … (offspring don't survive or survive a much lower rate)
genetic incompatibility
| viable
77
reproductive barriers can allow for further ...
genetic divergence
78
geographic separation = decrease in …
gene flow
79
geographic separation prevents gene flow through:
…
...
physical barrier
| distance
80
genetic divergence:
…
…
…
mutation
selection
genetic drift
