Quiz 3 Flashcards
Friday September 20 - Wednesday September 25
What are the articulatory reference points for vowels? (3)
Tongue height
Tongue backness
Lip position
What is vowel description primarily based on?
Auditory evaluation or acoustic measurement
According to Daniel Jones, what are the cardinal vowels?
Reference vowels, 8 primary cardinal vowels in total [i, e, ɛ, a, ɑ, ɔ, o, u]
Primary means to transcribe/describe vowels before modern computers
What are the limitations of cardinal vowels?
Central vowels are missing
Other phonologically contrastive vowels are attested in the worlds languages and it is useful to have symbols for them
What do the vowel symbols refer to?
The terms high, low, front, etc refer to articulatory positions (auditory impressions)
What does a nasal vowel refer to?
Vowels are most often oral but they can be nasalized
Typically when next to nasal consonants
Can be contrastive in some of the worlds languages
What does vowel length refer to?
Frequent contrast
Vowels are longer before voiced consonants and open syllables
How does place and manner of articulation relate to sound production?
Position the vocal tract into a position that shapes airflow
Create conditions for sound generation and sound shaping
How does airstream relate to sound production?
Air movement provides the power to make noise in speech
Comes from vibrating flexible parts (vocal folds, tongue tips, uvula, lips) and sudden equalization of pressure
How can you get air moving in your vocal tract? (3)
Pulmonic airstream mechanism (using the lungs)
Glottalic airstream mechanism (using the vocal folds)
Velaric airstream mechanism (using the tongue)
Define Boyle’s law
Pressure and volume are inversely proportional (i.e., pressure goes up, volume goes down)
Describe supraglottal volumes
In neutral position the volume between the glottis and the lips is 120-160cm3
The volume decreases the further back the constriction is made
How do we define pressure?
Force per unit area (dyne)
Use cm H2O to represent
Interested in differences in pressure levels between vocal tract and atmospheric pressure
How does pressure equalization in oral stops work?
Create a complete blockage
Pressure builds up at the back of the constriction
We release the blockade: pressure gets equalized (creates a burst like sound)
What is the pressure and volume formula?
P1 * V1 = P2 * V2
P1 is usually 1030 cm H2O
What are pulmonic egressive sounds?
Pulmonic egressive sounds are then most widely used airstream mechanism
Pulmonic: initiated by the lungs
Egressive: airflow is outwards
Created by modulating the flow of air coming out of the lungs
What are pulmonic ingressive sounds?
Ingressive: airflow in inwards
Not attested to have phonological contrasts
Describe ejectives
Ejectives have a glottalic egressive airstream
Voiceless by definition
Describe the process of producing an ejective
Closure formed at an oral and glottal place
Larynx is moved upwards
Release the oral closure
Release the glottal closure
Describe implosives
Glottalic ingressive airstream
Voiced by definition
Can have differences in strength and quality of burst ( bursts are generally low amplitude)
Describe the process of producing an implosive
Make an oral and partial glottal closure
Lower the larynx
Release oral closure
Release glottal closure
Describe clicks
Velaric ingressive sounds
Describe the process of producing a click
Make a velar closure and one further forward
Lower the tongue body, while maintaining sealed pocket of air
Release anterior oral closure
Release velar closure
