Quiz 10

Question 1

What are stops?

Answer 1

Sounds with total occlusion of the vocal tract
Dynamic sounds (compared to fricatives and vowels which are static)
E.g., oral stops, nasal stops, clicks, implosives, ejectives

Question 2

What are the 3 stages of an oral stop?

Answer 2

Stage 1: Shutting (often cannot detect when shutting stage begins or ends)
Stage 2: Closure (pressure builds)
Stage 3a: Burst (essential part of a stop)
Stage 3b: Release/opening

Question 3

What is the source and filter in the shutting stage of an oral stop?

Answer 3

Source: glottis, voicing, glottalization, pre-aspiration
Filter: front and back cavity for voicing source at the glottis

Question 4

What is the source and filter in the closure stage of an oral stop?

Answer 4

Source: glottis, voicing
Filters: facial tissue (low amplitude)

Question 5

What is the source and filter in the burst stage of an oral stop?

Answer 5

Source: transient, rapid pressure equalization at the location of the release
Filter: front cavity anterior to place of articulation, similar to a fricative

Question 6

What is the source and filter in the opening stage of an oral stop?

Answer 6

Source: glottis, voicing, aspiration
Frication: at glottis (aspiration), at place of articulation during burst release and initial opening gesture
Filter: (mostly) front cavity for frication like noise, front and back cavity for source at the glottis

Question 7

What is the burst frequency like in an oral stop?

Answer 7

Transient sound; flat spectrum (similar to fricatives)

Question 8

How does burst frequency different based on place of articulation?

Answer 8

Dental/alveolar (front) sounds: higher frequency
Palatal/velar (back) sounds: low frequency
Since front sounds have a shorter front cavity

Question 9

What is the difference in rise times between affricates and fricatives?

Answer 9

Affricates have a shorter rise time

Question 10

What are nasal stops?

Answer 10

Sounds produced with an occlusion in the oral cavity while letting air flow through the nasal cavity
Typically voiced (can be voiceless)

Question 11

What is the tube model like for a uvular nasal [N]?

Answer 11

Single tube that is open at one end, with a curve
Similar to the schwa but longer; therefore lower formants

Question 12

What is the tube model like for a [m]?

Answer 12

Shaped like a backwards F with a closed open tube at the mouth

Question 13

What effect does dampening in nasals have?

Answer 13

Causes formants to have larger bandwidths which also explain lower frequency

Question 14

What relationship do nasals have to anti-formants?

Answer 14

Nearly all nasals have anti-formants
The frequencies of anti-formants depend of the length of the oral tube