Final

Question 1

What are laterals?

Answer 1

L-like sounds
Air flows over the sides of the tongue
Tongue divides the oral cavity into two but there is no complete closure (small pocket of air sits on the tongue that can be referred to as the side branch)

Question 2

What is the tube model of a lateral?

Answer 2

Shaped like a T with the side branch and mouth outlet

Question 3

What differentiates laterals in terms of formants?

Answer 3

Typically have a lower F1 and an antiformant around 2000Hz

Question 4

What differentiates rhotics in terms of formants?

Answer 4

Have a lower F3
F3 usually compares the degree of rhoticity

Question 5

What are rhotics?

Answer 5

R-like sounds
Also includes r-coloured vowels

Question 6

Describe creaky voicing

Answer 6

Vocal folds tightly together while vibrating
Often only anterior parts
Has irregular glottal pulses

Question 7

Describe modal voicing

Answer 7

Vocal folds are together vibrating normally

Question 8

Describe breathy voicing

Answer 8

Vocal folds stay apart but vibrate to the flow of air
Often posterior parts remain open

Question 9

What is jitter?

Answer 9

The variation in duration of the successive fundamental vocal pulses
Higher in creaky voicing

Question 10

What is shimmer?

Answer 10

Cycle to cycle variations in the amplitude of a vocal signal
Measures the consistency of the loudness of successive cycles
Higher in creaky voicing

Question 11

What is spectral tilt?

Answer 11

Measures the degree to which intensity drops off as frequency increases

Question 12

What is the spectral tilt in the difference between H1 and H2?

Answer 12

Creaky < modal < breathy
Creaky is the lowest
Breathy is the highest

Question 13

What is the harmonics to noise ratio (HNR)?

Answer 13

Ratio between the amount of periodic engird and the amount of aperiodic energy in the voicing signal
Breathy voice has a lower HNR