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OLD "MIC 660" > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things make adaptive immunity different than innate?

A
  1. antigen specificity
  2. diversity
  3. memory
  4. non-self recognition
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2
Q

____ cells are involved in Humoral immunity while ___ are involved in Cell-mediated immunity

A

B cells – humoral
T cells – cell mediated

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3
Q

B cell receptors are also called ___________

A

immunoglobulins

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4
Q

What is a way B and T cells increase their diversity to antigens?

A

DNA chromosomal rearrangment

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5
Q

B and T cell receptor genes are spliced/rearranged BEFORE or AFTER transcription?

A

rearranged before

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6
Q

What is the germline configuration?

A

gene segment region BEFORE DNA rearrangement

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7
Q

What are the 4 segments for B and T cell receptor rearrangment?

A
  1. variable (V)
  2. diversity (D)
  3. joining (J)
  4. constant (C)
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8
Q

What genes go through V(D)J somatic recombination?

A

B and T cell receptor genes

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9
Q

The __________ of the enzymes involved in VDJ recombination increases diversity

A

imprecision

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10
Q

What are the 2 domains on T cell receptors?

A

constant
variable

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11
Q

What holds the alpha and beta chain together on T cell receptors?

A

disulfide bond

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12
Q

Describe the look of T cell receptors?

A

typically an alpha and beta chain
can be gamma and delta instead

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13
Q

What segments are rearranged in T cell receptors with alpha or gamma?

A

V
J

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14
Q

What segments are rearranged in T cell receptors with beta or delta?

A

V
D
J

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15
Q

_________ begin as receptors on B cells but after activation they become plasma cells and are secreted

A

antibodies

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16
Q

Describe the look of B cell receptors (antibodies)

A

2 heavy chains
2 light chains

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17
Q

The light chain on antibodies links _____ and ______ segments

A

V
J

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18
Q

The heavy chain on antibodies links _____ then ______ segments

A

DJ
V

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19
Q

each “arm” on B and T cell receptors that contain VDJ segments rearrange __________

A

independently of one another

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20
Q

What does RSS do in VDJ recombination?

A

recognition site for RAG to bind to DNA

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21
Q

What does RSS ensure?

A

recombination only occurs in gene segements encoding for B and T cell receptors

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22
Q

What are RSSs made of?

A

heptamer
nonamer
23 or 12 spacer

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23
Q

Where is RSS located relative to V segments?

A

downstream end

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24
Q

Where is RSS located relative to D segments?

A

flanks it

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25
Q

Where is RSS located relative to J segments?

A

upstream end

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26
Q

What is the 12/23 rule?

A

only 12RSS can combine with 23 RSS to prevent joining of incorrect segments

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27
Q

Where does RAG1/2 bind to RSS?

A

randomly

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28
Q

What does RAG1/2 do?

A

cleaves DNA at heptamer sequences of 12 RSS and 23RSS

29
Q

What is a signal joint?

A

trashed circular DNA excised during VDJ recombination

30
Q

What is a coding joint?

A

functional portion of DNA

31
Q

What is the coding joint made of?

A

alpha or gamma chain and light chain

32
Q

What does NHEJ do?

A

repair that produces the coding and signal joint

33
Q

What does Artemis do?

A

cleaves DNA hair pin to create overhangs

34
Q

What are P nucleotides?

A

nucleotides associated with the overhangs

35
Q

What are DNA overhangs filled with and by what?

A

P nucleotides
NHEJ

36
Q

What is a variable segemnt?

A

DNA formed when overhangs are filled and repaired

37
Q

What does Tdt do?

A

removes P nucleotides and replaces them with N nucleotides (increases diversity)

38
Q

What is the final resulting strand named after recombination?

A

coding strand

39
Q

VDJ recombination involves which chains?

A

beta or gamma
and heavy chain

40
Q

VJ recombination involves which chains?

A

alpha or gamma
and light chain

41
Q

In VDJ recombination what is the order that segments link?

A

D links to J then V links to DJ

42
Q

What are the 2 diversity mechanisms of VDJ recombination?

A
  1. joining of segments
  2. junctional flexability (splicing isnt the same every time)
43
Q

What 2 mechanisms all B cells to have additional diversity?

A

class switching
hyper mutation

44
Q

What is AID in B cells?

A

converts cytosine into uracil causing mutations that have to be repaired = increasing diversity

45
Q

What Ig’s don’t require class switching to occur?

A

IgM and IgD

46
Q

What B cell mechanism changes antigen binding affinity?

A

somatic hypermutation

47
Q

What is class switching?

A

When B cells change from IgD or M to a different class

48
Q

class switching produces an antibody with the _______ antigen specificity

A

same

49
Q

T/F: class switching and somatic hypermutation uses AID

A

true

50
Q

What is CDRs (complementary determining regions) in B cell affinity maturation?

A

location where mutations are introduced to increase diversity

51
Q

What are 3 possible mechanisms of somatic hypermutation?

A
  1. DNA replication (point mutation)
  2. base excision repair
  3. mismatch repair (point mutation)
52
Q

What is the cause of most antigen diversity?

A

VDJ recombination

53
Q

HLA class I is expressed on what cells?

A

nucleated

54
Q

HLA class II is expressed on what cells?

A

antigen presenting cells (B cells, macrophages, DCs)

55
Q

What does HLA class I present to?

A

cytotoxic T cells

56
Q

What does HLA class II present to?

A

helper T cells

57
Q

What type of pathogen does HLA class I deal with?

A

intracellular

58
Q

What type of pathogen does HLA class II deal with?

A

extracellular

59
Q

What are the 4 domains of HLA class I

A

alpha 1
alpha 2
alpha 3
beta 2

60
Q

Where is the binding cleft in HLA class I?

A

alpha 1 and 2

61
Q

What chromosome is HLA genes on?

A

6

62
Q

What is the structure of HLA class II?

A

heterodimer (alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta 1 and beta 2)

63
Q

Where is the binding cleft located on HLA class II?

A

alpha 1 and beta 1

64
Q

What class of HLA is more specific in what it will bind to?

A

class II

65
Q

What is the most diverse gene cluster?

A

HLA

66
Q

For HLA, gene variation is at the __________ level

A

population

67
Q

______ facilitate organ transplant rejection

A

HLA

68
Q

Loading of peptides for HLA class II occurs where?

A

vesicle fused with phagolysosome

69
Q

Loading of peptides for HLA class I occurs where?

A

ER

OLD "MIC 660" (10 decks)

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