Quiz 3 Flashcards
What is a biopsy?
The surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid that will be analyzed to determine whether they’re cancerous
What does oncogenic mean?
Cancer producing
What do most forms of chemotherapy target?
Cells in division
While chemotherapy allows elimination of cancer cells that divide without normal controls, it also means…
The death of cells that are often dividing, like the epithelial cells of skin and digestive tract
What is metastasis?
The process by which cancer cells break off of tumors and spread to other parts of the body
What does metastasis require?
Loss of contact inhibition and loss of anchorage dependence which are both also characteristics of normal somal cells
What is the cause of about one-third of all cancer deaths and 90% of all lung cancers?
Smoking tobacco
Examples of known carcinogens #1:
Ultraviolet light (sunlight: skin cancer)
Cigarette smoke (lung cancer)
Some bacteria (stomach cancer and helicobacter pylori)
Certain viruses (like HPV)
Chemical compounds like DDT and Dieldrin (insecticides)
Examples of carcinogens #2:
Dioxins (products of industrial process)
Radon (gas emitted from granitic rock, collects in basements)
Asbestos (fibrous mineral: irritation to lung)
Acrylamide and benzopyrene (products of combustion like grilling food)
Examples of carcinogens #3:
Formaldehyde (preservative in lumber and fabrics)
Alcohol
What gene that encodes a protein necessary for a cell to stop at checkpoints called?
Proto-oncogene
What happens if mutation eliminates the function of the proto-oncogene?
There would be no checkpoints and no suppressor proteins, so the mutated gene is now an oncogene
Examples of things with antioxidants:
Dietary fruits and vegetables and dark chocolate
What can antioxidants do?
Neutralize dangerous free radicals (ions) that might cause irritation leading to cancer
What are foods that are very high in antioxidants?
Pecans, blueberries, strawberries, artichokes, Gogi berries, raspberries, kale, red cabbage, beans, beets, and spinach
Cell cycle checkpoints proteins:
- Assure chromosomes are attached to microtubules
- Determine sufficient growth factors for cycle to proceed
- Determine DNA replicated properly
Proto-oncogenes encode checkpoint proteins that help a cell divide under…
Only favorable conditions
Proto-oncogenes become oncogenes when they’ve mutated to encode non-functioning checkpoint proteins which…
Helps a cell divide even under unfavorable conditions which is uncontrolled cellular division (cancer)
When does angiogenesis occur?
When a tumor attracts and redirects blood vessels to keep it supplied with O2 and nutrients
What are common features of cancer cells?
Loss of anchorage dependence
Loss of contact inhibition
Metastasis
Uncontrolled division
Immoralization
What does the multiple hit model of cancer mean?
Multiple mutations are required to cause most forms of cancer
Describe the non-specific immune response skin
Mostly impenetrable
Epidermal cells take potential invaders with it when dying off
Oils, waxes, and sweat prevent further penetration
Lactic and fatty acids kill and inhibit growth of fungi and bacteria
Describe the non-specific immune response mucous membranes
Antimicrobial and protein-rich fluid
Traps microorganisms
Bacterial enzymes digest peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria and protein capsule of viruses
Describe the non-specific immune response cause phagocytic ingestion of organisms by macrophages
Referred to as natural killer cells
Absorb and digest pathogenic antigens
Some produce cytotoxic that kills damaged body cells like infected tissue and cancer
Describe non-specific immune response inflammation
Mast cells collect in wound
Cells release histamine, derivative of amino acids, that causes redness and swelling
Increases blood supply to area which brings phagocytes that engulf bacteria and dying body cells
Describe non-specific immune response production of interferons
Produced by infected cells
Interfere with the replication of viruses
Cannot save infected cell, but binds to surface receptors of neighboring cells
Triggers production of antiviral proteins like enzymes that cleave viral messenger RNA
Describe the non-specific immune response complement reactions
Proteins produced by liver circulate through bloodstream
Activated by pathogen/lymphokine, proteins become enzymes that destroy bacterial coat
May bind to pathogen and stimulate macrophage to ingest it
What is missing from the list of non-specific immune responses?
Fever
When _________ occurs, white blood cells may produce hormones called ________ which cause a _____
Infection, pyrogens, fever
How does running a fever assist defense from the spread of infection?
Increasing metabolic rate of phagocytes
Reducing level of iron in blood, slowing bacterial reproduction
What is the lymphokine called that is produced by mast cells inducing redness and swelling?
Histamine
When the immune system is induced to produce a histamine response to _________ _________ __ _____, that is, when mast cells become active when there is __ ____ _________ _____, it results in ____________ and is referred to as an ________ _______
Perceived pathogens in error, no real infectious agent, inflammation, allergic response
Killer T cells produce perforin which, injected into the cell membrane of infected cells, causes what?
Those cells to leak to death
T cells react to APCs by producing what?
Lymphokines
Lymphokines are responsible for…
Activation of B cells
Division of T cells
Stimulation of inflammation
Stimulation of complement reactions
What is the primary function of the B cell?
Produce antibodies/immunoglobulins specific to the antigens of infectious cells or viruses
Antibodies work in defense of disease by:
Binding to antigens, preventing cells from reproducing
Binding to antigens, preventing bacterial cells/viruses from binding to and damaging other cells
Causing pathogens to become sticky and clump together
Marking cells for termination by phagocytes
The primary complement in the action between T cells and B cells in immune response is that…
T cells can destroy infected body tissues that B cells cannot
B cells produce massive antibody response that T cells cannot
Activated T cells stimulate B cell activity
What presents the body with a copy, less active, or genetically altered form of the pathogen in order to induce an immune response that will be effective later should the individual be exposed to the pathogen?
Vaccinations
When tissues are transplanted, as in surgical treatment of tissue damage, there is…
Risk of rejection by recipient due to lack of histocompatibility
Immune system cells that will remain in the system for a decade or more, ready to respond to pathogens of the type that originally induced their formation are called…
Memory B cells
When the body is provided with an inoculate of antibodies (monoclonal), it’s referred to as…
Passive immunity because it doesn’t stimulate a second response
What is an example of passive immunity?
Regeneron therapy that Trump received to treat Covid-19
Why is not taking the full dose of antibiotics contributing to the antibiotic being less effective?
You reduce the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotic which promotes survival and resistance of bacteria that might have only been slightly resistant
What is a recombinant vaccine?
Genetically engineering a pathogen so that it is neither capable of infecting nor reproducing
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
Wild type pathogen passes into and out of host through generated uninhibited
Weakened and becomes less virulent but genetically the same
Produces natural stimulation of immune response
What is an inactivated vaccine?
Cells inactivated by heat or chemical lysis
Exposes patients to fragments of cell wall
Promotes immune response without exposure to live cells
What are conjugate vaccines?
Polysaccharide modeling a cell wall of bacterium is bonded to protein representing the antigen
What is provided to avoid the risk of rejection by recipient when tissues are transplanted?
Immunosuppressant drugs
As memory B cells present a response upon return of the pathogen a second time, their immune response is referred to as…
Secondary immune response
What is the primary function of B cells?
To produce antibodies specific to the antigens of infectious cells
Harmless and noncancerous/precancerous tumor is…
Benign
Cancerous tumor is referred to as…
Malignant
