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AP Bio > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

The surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid that will be analyzed to determine whether they’re cancerous

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2
Q

What does oncogenic mean?

A

Cancer producing

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3
Q

What do most forms of chemotherapy target?

A

Cells in division

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4
Q

While chemotherapy allows elimination of cancer cells that divide without normal controls, it also means…

A

The death of cells that are often dividing, like the epithelial cells of skin and digestive tract

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5
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The process by which cancer cells break off of tumors and spread to other parts of the body

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6
Q

What does metastasis require?

A

Loss of contact inhibition and loss of anchorage dependence which are both also characteristics of normal somal cells

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7
Q

What is the cause of about one-third of all cancer deaths and 90% of all lung cancers?

A

Smoking tobacco

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8
Q

Examples of known carcinogens #1:

A

Ultraviolet light (sunlight: skin cancer)
Cigarette smoke (lung cancer)
Some bacteria (stomach cancer and helicobacter pylori)
Certain viruses (like HPV)
Chemical compounds like DDT and Dieldrin (insecticides)

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9
Q

Examples of carcinogens #2:

A

Dioxins (products of industrial process)
Radon (gas emitted from granitic rock, collects in basements)
Asbestos (fibrous mineral: irritation to lung)
Acrylamide and benzopyrene (products of combustion like grilling food)

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10
Q

Examples of carcinogens #3:

A

Formaldehyde (preservative in lumber and fabrics)
Alcohol

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11
Q

What gene that encodes a protein necessary for a cell to stop at checkpoints called?

A

Proto-oncogene

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12
Q

What happens if mutation eliminates the function of the proto-oncogene?

A

There would be no checkpoints and no suppressor proteins, so the mutated gene is now an oncogene

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13
Q

Examples of things with antioxidants:

A

Dietary fruits and vegetables and dark chocolate

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14
Q

What can antioxidants do?

A

Neutralize dangerous free radicals (ions) that might cause irritation leading to cancer

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15
Q

What are foods that are very high in antioxidants?

A

Pecans, blueberries, strawberries, artichokes, Gogi berries, raspberries, kale, red cabbage, beans, beets, and spinach

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16
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints proteins:

A
  1. Assure chromosomes are attached to microtubules
  2. Determine sufficient growth factors for cycle to proceed
  3. Determine DNA replicated properly
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17
Q

Proto-oncogenes encode checkpoint proteins that help a cell divide under…

A

Only favorable conditions

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18
Q

Proto-oncogenes become oncogenes when they’ve mutated to encode non-functioning checkpoint proteins which…

A

Helps a cell divide even under unfavorable conditions which is uncontrolled cellular division (cancer)

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19
Q

When does angiogenesis occur?

A

When a tumor attracts and redirects blood vessels to keep it supplied with O2 and nutrients

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20
Q

What are common features of cancer cells?

A

Loss of anchorage dependence
Loss of contact inhibition
Metastasis
Uncontrolled division
Immoralization

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21
Q

What does the multiple hit model of cancer mean?

A

Multiple mutations are required to cause most forms of cancer

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22
Q

Describe the non-specific immune response skin

A

Mostly impenetrable
Epidermal cells take potential invaders with it when dying off
Oils, waxes, and sweat prevent further penetration
Lactic and fatty acids kill and inhibit growth of fungi and bacteria

23
Q

Describe the non-specific immune response mucous membranes

A

Antimicrobial and protein-rich fluid
Traps microorganisms
Bacterial enzymes digest peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria and protein capsule of viruses

24
Q

Describe the non-specific immune response cause phagocytic ingestion of organisms by macrophages

A

Referred to as natural killer cells
Absorb and digest pathogenic antigens
Some produce cytotoxic that kills damaged body cells like infected tissue and cancer

25
Q

Describe non-specific immune response inflammation

A

Mast cells collect in wound
Cells release histamine, derivative of amino acids, that causes redness and swelling
Increases blood supply to area which brings phagocytes that engulf bacteria and dying body cells

26
Q

Describe non-specific immune response production of interferons

A

Produced by infected cells
Interfere with the replication of viruses
Cannot save infected cell, but binds to surface receptors of neighboring cells
Triggers production of antiviral proteins like enzymes that cleave viral messenger RNA

27
Q

Describe the non-specific immune response complement reactions

A

Proteins produced by liver circulate through bloodstream
Activated by pathogen/lymphokine, proteins become enzymes that destroy bacterial coat
May bind to pathogen and stimulate macrophage to ingest it

28
Q

What is missing from the list of non-specific immune responses?

A

Fever

29
Q

When _________ occurs, white blood cells may produce hormones called ________ which cause a _____

A

Infection, pyrogens, fever

30
Q

How does running a fever assist defense from the spread of infection?

A

Increasing metabolic rate of phagocytes
Reducing level of iron in blood, slowing bacterial reproduction

31
Q

What is the lymphokine called that is produced by mast cells inducing redness and swelling?

A

Histamine

32
Q

When the immune system is induced to produce a histamine response to _________ _________ __ _____, that is, when mast cells become active when there is __ ____ _________ _____, it results in ____________ and is referred to as an ________ _______

A

Perceived pathogens in error, no real infectious agent, inflammation, allergic response

33
Q

Killer T cells produce perforin which, injected into the cell membrane of infected cells, causes what?

A

Those cells to leak to death

34
Q

T cells react to APCs by producing what?

A

Lymphokines

35
Q

Lymphokines are responsible for…

A

Activation of B cells
Division of T cells
Stimulation of inflammation
Stimulation of complement reactions

36
Q

What is the primary function of the B cell?

A

Produce antibodies/immunoglobulins specific to the antigens of infectious cells or viruses

37
Q

Antibodies work in defense of disease by:

A

Binding to antigens, preventing cells from reproducing
Binding to antigens, preventing bacterial cells/viruses from binding to and damaging other cells
Causing pathogens to become sticky and clump together
Marking cells for termination by phagocytes

38
Q

The primary complement in the action between T cells and B cells in immune response is that…

A

T cells can destroy infected body tissues that B cells cannot
B cells produce massive antibody response that T cells cannot
Activated T cells stimulate B cell activity

39
Q

What presents the body with a copy, less active, or genetically altered form of the pathogen in order to induce an immune response that will be effective later should the individual be exposed to the pathogen?

A

Vaccinations

40
Q

When tissues are transplanted, as in surgical treatment of tissue damage, there is…

A

Risk of rejection by recipient due to lack of histocompatibility

41
Q

Immune system cells that will remain in the system for a decade or more, ready to respond to pathogens of the type that originally induced their formation are called…

A

Memory B cells

42
Q

When the body is provided with an inoculate of antibodies (monoclonal), it’s referred to as…

A

Passive immunity because it doesn’t stimulate a second response

43
Q

What is an example of passive immunity?

A

Regeneron therapy that Trump received to treat Covid-19

44
Q

Why is not taking the full dose of antibiotics contributing to the antibiotic being less effective?

A

You reduce the exposure of the bacteria to the antibiotic which promotes survival and resistance of bacteria that might have only been slightly resistant

45
Q

What is a recombinant vaccine?

A

Genetically engineering a pathogen so that it is neither capable of infecting nor reproducing

46
Q

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

A

Wild type pathogen passes into and out of host through generated uninhibited
Weakened and becomes less virulent but genetically the same
Produces natural stimulation of immune response

47
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A

Cells inactivated by heat or chemical lysis
Exposes patients to fragments of cell wall
Promotes immune response without exposure to live cells

48
Q

What are conjugate vaccines?

A

Polysaccharide modeling a cell wall of bacterium is bonded to protein representing the antigen

49
Q

What is provided to avoid the risk of rejection by recipient when tissues are transplanted?

A

Immunosuppressant drugs

50
Q

As memory B cells present a response upon return of the pathogen a second time, their immune response is referred to as…

A

Secondary immune response

51
Q

What is the primary function of B cells?

A

To produce antibodies specific to the antigens of infectious cells

52
Q

Harmless and noncancerous/precancerous tumor is…

A

Benign

53
Q

Cancerous tumor is referred to as…

A

Malignant

AP Bio (15 decks)

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