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Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a natural community?

A

An assemblage of plants and animals living together in the same environment

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2
Q

What is the Shrub Carr?

A

A region between the herbaceous zone of swamp vegetation and trees of the swamp forest

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3
Q

The emergent zone in the Shrub Carr is the…

A

Most biologically diverse eco-region on Earth

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4
Q

What is the swamp forest?

A

The wet forest is home to the greatest number of tree species among natural communities

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5
Q

What roots do lowland trees in swamp forests have?

A

Shallow and wide-spreading roots instead of tap roots

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6
Q

The upper story of the swamp forest has…

A

Sycamore, elms, silver maple, and black and yellow birch

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7
Q

The understory of the swamp forest has…

A

Blue beech, and spice bush

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8
Q

What kind of roots do upland forest trees in the dry forest community have?

A

Long taproots that reach to the groundwater table

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9
Q

Early succession in dry forest communities include…

A

Poplars, pines, pin oaks, pin and black cherry, and red maple

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10
Q

Middle succession upper story of the dry forest community include…

A

Oaks and hickories

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11
Q

Middle succession understory of the dry forest community include…

A

Redbud, flowering dogwood, and ironwood

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12
Q

Late succession upper story of the dry forest community include…

A

Beech and sugar maple

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13
Q

Understory late succession of the dry forest community include…

A

Redbud, flowering dogwood, and ironwood

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14
Q

How to tell if something is a weed:

A

If it’s a prolific seed producer and thrives in disturbed areas

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15
Q

Weeds like __________, mostly originate from ______, are prolific ____ _________, and don’t compete well with _____ species

A

Disturbance, Europe, seed producers, native

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16
Q

Examples of weeds

A

Queen Anne’s Lace, Hoary alyssum, and Saint Johnswort

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17
Q

What are annuals?

A

Plants that sprout from seed each year, bloom, set seed, then die; one year cycle

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18
Q

What are biennials?

A

Plant sprouts from seed during first growing season, comes back from rootstock for second growing season during which they bloom, set seed, and die; two year cycle

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19
Q

What are perennials?

A

Plants that die back to root each fall, but return from rootstock each year

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20
Q

Most native weeds are…

A

Perennials

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21
Q

Examples of annuals:

A

Ragweed, purslanes, and chickweeds

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22
Q

Examples of biennials:

A

Common mullein and Queen Anne’s Lace

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23
Q

Examples of Perennials:

A

Pokeweed, Milkweed, Ragweed Native) and Saint Johnswort

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24
Q

Examples of weed field grasses:

A

Timothy and Quack

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25
Q

If we let it become a weed field, it is…

A

Fallow

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26
Q

European invasive weeds are much more common in the Americas than American invasives are in Europe because of…

A

Predominant form of succession; European weeds have had 2000+ years to adapt to constant disruption

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27
Q

Where are sedge meadows found?

A

Swampy, riverbank, or wet environments

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28
Q

What are wetlands?

A

Any area either covered by shallow water or containing waterlogged soil where soil lacks oxygen and grows water-loving plants

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29
Q

What are 3 limiting factors of plant growth?

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

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30
Q

Types of wetlands:

A

Marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, wet meadows, temporarily flooded (seasonal) wetlands

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31
Q

What are marshes?

A

Wetland composed of open water and standing vegetation such as bulrushes and cattails
soil usually fertile muck
lack woody plants

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32
Q

What are swamps?

A

Wetlands containing shrubs and trees such as alder, dogwood, and silver maple

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33
Q

What are bogs?

A

Dominated by sphagnum (peat) moss that hold water
Highly acidic and anoxic
Woody plants like tamarack and high bush blueberries
Native carnivorous plants like pitcher plant and sundew

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34
Q

What do acids do?

A

Preserve things

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35
Q

Why are bogs poor in nutrients?

A

They’re acidic and acid preserves things

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36
Q

What are fens?

A

Similar to bogs but highly alkaline
Sedge and rush dominated
Occurs in alkaline saturated peat and/or marl influenced by groundwater rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates

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37
Q

What is the edge effect?

A

When animals tend to populate edge zones of natural biotic communities

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38
Q

Why does the edge effect occur?

A

Edge zones is where animals find the best supplies of space, shelter, food, and water

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39
Q

What is succession?

A

Orderly and predictable change of one plant community to another

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40
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed
Soil gradually develops as rock weathers and decays from activity of early colonizers like algae and lichens

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41
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Where an existing community is cleared by a disturbance that leaves soil intact, like fire or farming

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42
Q

What are biomes?

A

The largest biotic units on Earth
Typically defined by plant communities dominant within that range

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43
Q

What is old field succession?

A

Type of secondary succession that begins with open soil already in place

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44
Q

What does primary succession begin with?

A

Raw rock surface

45
Q

In old field succession, disrupted land, often agricultural, is populated by _____, later replaced by ______, and then _____.

A

Weeds, shrubs, trees

46
Q

What are invasive species?

A

Organisms that cause ecological harm to a new environment where they are not native

47
Q

What is a key characteristic of invasive species?

A

They lack predators

48
Q

What are invasive species capable of?

A

Causing extinctions of native plants animals, reducing biodiversity, competing with native organisms for limited resources, and altering habitats

49
Q

What is an example of an invasive species?

A

Gypsy moths

50
Q

What are naturalized species?

A

Non-native organisms or species that spread into the wild and are capable of reproduction sufficient to maintain a population in that new environment

51
Q

What is an example of a naturalized species?

A

Daphadils

52
Q

What are prairies?

A

Climax communities, sustained populations within a stable community no longer undergoing succession

53
Q

What are American prairies populated by?

A

Mostly native plants, but occupied by wheat and corn acreage as well

54
Q

The bulk of the bio masses in the prairie is below the _______, in the root mass, reaching to ___ feet in some areas

A

Surface, ten

55
Q

What is succession in the prairies limited by?

A

Rainfall

56
Q

What is the first stage of secondary succession?

A

The weed field

57
Q

What separates prairies from forests?

A

Rainfall

58
Q

What are prairies dominated by?

A

Species of European origin

59
Q

What are tundras characterized by?

A

Far north, cold temperatures, short growing seasons, permafrost causing poor drainage, flat terrain

60
Q

Tundras in alpine regions are typically of high ________ with slightly longer _______ _______ but _______ days and better ________ on _____ terrain and typically no permafrost

A

Altitude, growing seasons, shorter, drainage, rough

61
Q

What is a characteristic of the tundra?

A

Water won’t evaporate

62
Q

What is the tundra defined by?

A

Grasses, sedges, low shrubs like creeping willows, mosses, lichens, other herbaceous plants, and lots of mosquitoes

63
Q

Explain the process of pond wetland succession

A

Sedimentation, leaves, logs, etc. sink and form layers at the bottom of the pond and eventually fills it up completely and becomes dry land

64
Q

Explain the process of bog wetland succession

A

Sphagnum (peat) moss grows out each year and weighs the previous moss down and the whole bog fills up completely

65
Q

What is our home biome?

A

Temperate deciduous forest

66
Q

How many layers of growth does the temperate deciduous forest have?

A

3 layers

67
Q

The temperate deciduous forest’s growing season is now long enough to support an investment of energy into…

A

Broadleaf production

68
Q

The temperate deciduous forest has…

A

More moderate temperatures and seasonal patterns

69
Q

In the temperate deciduous forest, leaves fall each year to allow __________ sites to ____ and prevent __________ during the winter months of inactivity

A

Attachment, heat, infection

70
Q

List characteristics of the temperate deciduous forest

A

31+ dominant species of trees and greater rainfall/snowfall (30”-60”, mostly rain)

71
Q

What is the primary herbivore in the temperate deciduous forest?

A

The white-tailed dear

72
Q

Where is the bulk of organic material in the temperate deciduous forest found?

A

The leaf litter

73
Q

List characteristics of the tropical rain forest

A

Over 550 species of broadleaf evergreens, many species but few organisms within populations, as many as 7 layers of vegetation, 50”-200” of rain per year, 68°-93°

74
Q

What is an epiphyte?

A

Plants in the canopy anchored in trees

75
Q

What’s one way researchers discovered new species in the tropical rain forest?

A

Found beetles locked inside the epiphytes

76
Q

What is the bulk of organic material in the tropical rain forest?

A

Living things because the soil is leached by heavy rainfall and nutrient poor

77
Q

The temperate rainforest is home to…

A

Some of the largest trees in the world (firs and hemlocks)

78
Q

The temperate rain forest has a…

A

Colder climate, and gets around 80” per year of rain and up to 12” of fog

79
Q

The prairie/grassland is home to…

A

The most productive agricultural land

80
Q

List characteristics of the prairie/grassland

A

No trees, no annual rainfall (10”-30”) because rate of evaporation exceeds rainfall, flat or rolling terrain

81
Q

What type of prairie has the highest amount of rainfall?

A

Tall-grass prairies (found furthest to the east)

82
Q

The Earth in prairies are…

A

Rich, sod tough and thick

83
Q

Characteristic plant populations within the prairie community include…

A

Big and little bluestem grasses and Indian grass growing up to 7”

84
Q

The mid-grass prairie is further west and has…

A

Less, intermediate rainfall with intermediate soils and grass height

85
Q

Short-grass prairies have…

A

Poor soil and are the furthest west

86
Q

In short-grass prairies in the Dakotas and Idaho

A

Poor soils and requirement of irrigation for crop production gave rise to the Buffalo Commons

87
Q

How are prairie plants adapted to the region?

A

Having massive grown fibrous roots to trap water to reach the surface or (further east) thick, deep roots that penetrate to the aquifer

88
Q

In reduced leaf area, leaves are…

A

Either highly dissected or very slender

89
Q

Where is the majority of plant mass?

A

Below ground

90
Q

Plants have developed habits to…

A

Reduce evaporation

91
Q

How have plants developed habits to reduce evaporation?

A

Leaves are more vertical
Grass blades roll when dry
Fuzzy hairs protect leaf surface from desiccation
Thickened sap
Hard-coated seeds

92
Q

When do ephemeral species live?

A

During the highest period of rainfall in the spring

93
Q

What is the desert characterized by?

A

Very low rainfall (< 10”)
Evaporation exceeds rainfall 5:1 to 50:1
Bare ground between plants
Cacti
Home to specialized shrubs

94
Q

What do we find in the mountains?

A

Vertical biomes

95
Q

The forest floor of the swamp forest has…

A

Skunk cabbage, lizard’s tail, marsh marigold

96
Q

The forest floor of the dry forest community has…

A

Wild ginger, trillium, may apple

97
Q

Species in the Shrub Carr include:

A

Dogwoods
Alders
Arrowwood
Poison sumac
Choke cherry

98
Q

Describe field A in crop rotation

A
  1. Corn 2. Beans 3. Fallow 4. Fallow 5. Corn
99
Q

Describe field B in crop rotation

A
  1. Corn 3. Beans 4. Fallow 5. Fallow
100
Q

Describe field C in crop rotation

A
  1. Corn 4. Beans 5. Fallow
101
Q

Describe field D in crop rotation

A
  1. Corn 5. Beans
102
Q

Species in the Sedge Meadow include:

A

Sedge
Joe-Pye weed
Boneset
Bedstraw bellflower
Swamp milkweed

103
Q

Where is the largest biome on Earth?

A

Northern Coniferous Forest (north of us)

104
Q

List characteristics of the Northern Coniferous forest

A

2 layers of vegetation
Longer growing season than tundra
Cannot afford development of large deciduous leaves
Populated by needled trees like spruce, fir, and tamarack
16”-39” mostly snow

105
Q

What is the diagnostic herbivore of the Northern Coniferous forest?

A

Spruce/Moose

106
Q

Describe environment of the Northern Coniferous forest

A

Dense shade
Shorter days
Cold winters
Many bogs, typically sandy soils
Ground dwelling plants like blueberries, bearberries, and leatherleaf

107
Q

Northern Coniferous forest has many bogs dominated by ________ moss and home to several species of ______________ plants including _______ and _______-_____

A

Sphagnum, insectivorous, sundew, pitcher-plant

108
Q

When do the bogs in the Northern Coniferous forest form?

A

As rate of decay is slowed by an absence of substantial populations of bacteria

109
Q

What are the plant communities in the mountains determined by?

A

Local climatic effects of altitude

AP Bio (15 decks)

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