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Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

When a living organism dies and their remains are quickly buried by sediment

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2
Q

What are the greatest challenges to fossil evidence for evolution?

A

There are gaps in the fossil record and it’s incomplete because many early forms of life were soft-bodied

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3
Q

What is the Law of Superposition?

A

Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on bottom and the youngest on top

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4
Q

How can we reconstruct the sequence of geologic events that have occurred as a site?

A

Using relative dating principles and the position of layers within rock

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5
Q

Wetlands found in temperate regions characterized by presence of sphagnum moss, typically nutrient poor and acidic with few tree species (mostly tamarack)

A

Bogs

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6
Q

Wetlands found in temperate regions contain low-growing emergent plants such as cattails as well as shrubs and trees:

A

Marshes

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7
Q

Herbaceous plants that are characterized by coming up from new seed every year, blooming, setting seed, and then dying

A

Annuals

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8
Q

What herbaceous plants likely evolved as a result of farming practices common in Europe at the time that settlers from Europe first arrived in North America:

A

Biennials

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9
Q

Weeds are defined as those plants that are typically characterized as:

A

Prolific seed producers that thrive in disturbed areas

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10
Q

Why do animals tend to populate edge zones of natural biotic communities?

A

Because animals find the best supplies of space, shelter, food, and water

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11
Q

What is the phenomenon of animals populating edge zones of natural biotic communities called?

A

The edge effect

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12
Q

The predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community

A

Succession

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13
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil hasn’t formed yet
Soil develops gradually as rock weathers, and decays from activity of early colonizers like algae and lichens

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14
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Existing community is cleared by disturbance that leaves soil intact
Like fire or farming

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15
Q

What does succession ultimately produce?

A

A climax community, a permanent, self-sustaining community appropriate to the local area

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16
Q

What is a biome?

A

A community of organisms determined by climate conditions and recognized by the characteristic structure of its dominant vegetation

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17
Q

What are the limiting factors of plant growth?

A

Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

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18
Q

If a plant species is introduced from outside its native habitat and outcompetes the native plants in the area, it is referred to as:

A

Invasive species

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19
Q

When an introduced species survives and reproduces in a new environment without impacting the general survival of native species, it is referred to as:

A

Naturalized species

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20
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

The comparison of embryos at different stages of development of different organisms

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21
Q

What do similarities in embryonic development suggest?

A

Common ancestry

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22
Q

What is an example of comparative embryology?

A

Gill slits in embryos of many quadrupedal and fish-like organisms

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23
Q

What is oviparity?

A

Birds, frogs, and most invertebrates hatch eggs

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24
Q

What is viviparity?

A

Eutherian mammals give birth to live young

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25
What is ovoviviparity?
Certain reptile and sharks produce an egg that hatches inside the body
26
Describe the holoblastic pattern of cleavage
Entire egg divide into smaller cells in amphibians and mammals
27
Describe meroblastic pattern of cleavage
Only one part of egg is destined to become embryo, other portion serves as nutrition (embryo) in birds and fish
28
What do all animals originate from?
Eggs
29
What is the blastoderm of chick embryos?
Small region of egg that contains yolk-free cytoplasm that gives rise to embryo
30
What forms before the heart does in chicks?
Islands of blood cells
31
What does comparative embryology show?
How different adult structures have the same embryonic precursors
32
Define homologous structures
Features that result from a common ancestor, even if they look different today
33
What is an example of a homologous structures?
Bat wing and human hand; share the same bones
34
What kind of evolution are homologous structures?
Divergent evolution
35
Define divergent evolution
Two or more characteristics have a common evolutionary origin, but have diverged over time
36
Divergent evolution is also known as…
Adaptive radiation
37
Characters of divergent evolution can be…
Observable from different species or molecular entities like genes
38
Define analogous structures
Features that do not have a common ancestor, but may have the same function today
39
What is an example of analogous structures?
Bird wing and bat wing; perform same function but evolved indendently
40
What type of evolution are analogous structures?
Convergent evolution
41
Define convergent evolution
Organisms not related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments/niches
42
Define vestigial structures
Homologous characters which have lost all or lost if their function through evolution
43
Vestigial may take…
Various forms such as anatomical structures, behaviors, and biochemical pathways
44
Vestigial structure have __ _____ _______ and are _________ ____ _________ ___ ______ _____
No known purpose, leftovers from ancestors who needed them
45
What are examples of vestigial structures?
Wings on flightless birds Human body hair Appendix Leg bones on whales and snakes
46
Plants and animal cells share…
Most of the same organelles
47
The closer two organisms are related, ….
The more genes they have in common and the closer their amino acid sequences are
48
Some genes are…
Wide-spread among organisms
49
Example of cellular and molecular evidence:
Pax-6 gene; codes for making eye in humans and flies
50
Examples of sub-optional design
Trachea vs esophagus (can lead to choking) Human eye (inverted retina; blind spot) Non-coding DNA
51
What type of crops/livestock are chosen to reproduce?
Most fit/desirable
52
Overtime, characteristics in crops/livestock…
Change
53
Define natural community
An assemblage of plants and animals living together in the same environment
54
The swamp forest is home to the…
Greatest number of tree species along natural communities in our area
55
Lowland trees in the swamp forest have what type of roots?
Shallow and wide-spreading
56
Where is Sedge Meadow found?
Swampy, riverbank, or other wet environments
57
Define wetlands
Any area either covered by shallow water or containing waterlogged soil where the soil lacks oxygen and grows water-loving plants
58
List types of wetlands
Marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, wet meadows, temporarily flooded wetlands (seasonal wetlands)
59
List characteristics of marshes
Composed of open water and standing vegetation like bulrushes and cattails Soil usually fertile muck Lack woody plants
60
List a characteristic of swamps
Containing shrubs and trees: Alder, dogwood, silver maple
61
List characteristics of bogs
Dominated by sphagnum moss that holds water Highly acidic and anoxic Woody plants like tamarack, high bush blueberries, and glossy buckthorn Native carnivorous plants like pitcher plant and sundew
62
List characteristics of fens
Similar to bogs but highly alkaline Sees and rush dominated Occurs on alkaline saturated sphagnum and/or marl influenced by groundwater rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates
63
What is old field succession?
Type of secondary succession that begins with open soil already in place
64
What does primary succession begin with?
Raw rock surface
65
List characteristics of the northern coniferous forest
Largest biome 2 layers of vegetation Populated by needled trees like spruce, fir, and tamarack
66
What is the diagnostic herbivore of the northern coniferous forest?
Moose
67
Describe environment of northern coniferous forest
Many bogs dominated by sphagnum Typically sandy soils Insectivorous plants like sundew and pitcher plant Ground dwelling plants like blueberries, bearberries, and leather leaf
68
When do bogs form?
As rate of decay is slowed by lack of bacteria populations due to cold temperatures, acidic conditions, and low O2 levels
69
List characteristics of the tundra
Permafrost causing poor drainage Flat terrain Grass, sedges, low shrubs (creeping willow), mosses, lichens, etc Lots of mosquitos
70
List characteristics of tundras in alpine regions
High altitude Slightly longer growing seasons Shorter days Better drainage on rough terrain No permafrost
71
What is the diagnostic herbivore of the tundra?
Reindeer or caribou
72
What is the top predator of the tundra?
Polar bear
73
If the precipitation level in the tundra is equivalent to that of the desert, why do marshy environments form?
Permafrost Short warm season leading to melting water
74
List characteristics of the temperate deciduous forest
Home biome Broadleaf production Moderate temperatures and seasonal patterns 3 layers of vegetation
75
What is the primary herbivore of the temperate deciduous forest?
White-tailed deer
76
Why do leaves fall each year in the temperate deciduous forest?
To allow attachment sites to heal and prevent infection during winter months of inactivity
77
Where is the bulk of organic material in the temperate deciduous found?
Leaf litter
78
List characteristics of tropical rain forest
550+ species of broadleaf evergreens Many species, few organisms 7 layers of vegetation
79
What is the primary predator of the tropical rainforest?
Boa constrictor
80
Where is the bulk of organic material in the tropical rain forest?
Living things because soil is being leached by heavy rainfall and nutrient poor
81
List a characteristic of temperate rain forest
Largest trees in the world (firs and hemlocks)
82
List characteristics of prairies
Mostly native plants, wheat and corn acreage as well No trees Flat/rolling terrain
83
What are prairies?
Climax communities, sustained populations within a stable community no longer undergoing succession
84
Where is the bulk of biomass in prairies?
Below surface in the root mass, up to 10”
85
What is the first stage of secondary succession?
Weedfield
86
What separates prairies from forests?
Less rainfall, fewer woody plants
87
What is the primary grass of the tall prairie?
Big bluestem
88
What is the primary herbivore of the prairie?
Bison
89
How are prairie plants adapted to the region?
Massive grown fibrous roots to trap water to reach the surface or further east, thick and deep roots that penetrate aquifer
90
How have plants developed habits to reduce evaporation in the prairie?
Leaves vertical Grass blades roll when dry Fuzzy hairs protect from desiccation Thickened sap Hard-coated seeds
91
List characteristics of the desert
Bare ground between plants Cacti Specialized shrubs
92
What farming practice common in Europe is believed to have led to the evolution of biennials?
Crop rotation
93
What are epiphytes?
Plant that grows on other plants No attachment to ground Not parasitic on supporting plants
94
What are lianas?
Vines climb all the way up to the trees to the canopy, especially in tropical rainforest Important structural difference between tropical and temperate rainforess
95
How can we prevent the spread of invasives?
Don’t import invasive pests Don’t release pets into wild Don’t plant invasives
96
Both artificial and natural selection involve…
Changes to genes in populations (evolution)
97
Red and jack pines are…
Early succession of upland forest community
98
Sugar maple is a part of…
Upper story (canopy) climax community of upland forest community
99
Hickories are apart of…
Upper story middle succession of upland forest community
100
Blue beech is a part of…
Under story (2nd) of swamp forest
101
Beech is a part of…
Upper story (canopy) climax community of upland forest community
102
Flowering dogwood is a part of…
Under story (2nd) middle and late succession of dry forest community
103
Yellow birch is a part of…
Canopy of swamp forest
104
Willows are a part of..:
Shrub Carr
105
Alders are a a part of…
Shrub Carr
106
Oaks other than pin are a part of…
Upper story middle succession of upland forest community
107
Poplars are a part of…
Early succession of dry forest community
108
Dogwoods other then flowering are a part of…
Shrub Carr

AP Bio (15 decks)

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