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Quiz 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

When a living organism dies and their remains are quickly buried by sediment

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2
Q

What are the greatest challenges to fossil evidence for evolution?

A

There are gaps in the fossil record and it’s incomplete because many early forms of life were soft-bodied

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3
Q

What is the Law of Superposition?

A

Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on bottom and the youngest on top

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4
Q

How can we reconstruct the sequence of geologic events that have occurred as a site?

A

Using relative dating principles and the position of layers within rock

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5
Q

Wetlands found in temperate regions characterized by presence of sphagnum moss, typically nutrient poor and acidic with few tree species (mostly tamarack)

A

Bogs

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6
Q

Wetlands found in temperate regions contain low-growing emergent plants such as cattails as well as shrubs and trees:

A

Marshes

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7
Q

Herbaceous plants that are characterized by coming up from new seed every year, blooming, setting seed, and then dying

A

Annuals

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8
Q

What herbaceous plants likely evolved as a result of farming practices common in Europe at the time that settlers from Europe first arrived in North America:

A

Biennials

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9
Q

Weeds are defined as those plants that are typically characterized as:

A

Prolific seed producers that thrive in disturbed areas

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10
Q

Why do animals tend to populate edge zones of natural biotic communities?

A

Because animals find the best supplies of space, shelter, food, and water

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11
Q

What is the phenomenon of animals populating edge zones of natural biotic communities called?

A

The edge effect

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12
Q

The predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community

A

Succession

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13
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil hasn’t formed yet
Soil develops gradually as rock weathers, and decays from activity of early colonizers like algae and lichens

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14
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Existing community is cleared by disturbance that leaves soil intact
Like fire or farming

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15
Q

What does succession ultimately produce?

A

A climax community, a permanent, self-sustaining community appropriate to the local area

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16
Q

What is a biome?

A

A community of organisms determined by climate conditions and recognized by the characteristic structure of its dominant vegetation

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17
Q

What are the limiting factors of plant growth?

A

Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

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18
Q

If a plant species is introduced from outside its native habitat and outcompetes the native plants in the area, it is referred to as:

A

Invasive species

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19
Q

When an introduced species survives and reproduces in a new environment without impacting the general survival of native species, it is referred to as:

A

Naturalized species

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20
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

The comparison of embryos at different stages of development of different organisms

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21
Q

What do similarities in embryonic development suggest?

A

Common ancestry

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22
Q

What is an example of comparative embryology?

A

Gill slits in embryos of many quadrupedal and fish-like organisms

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23
Q

What is oviparity?

A

Birds, frogs, and most invertebrates hatch eggs

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24
Q

What is viviparity?

A

Eutherian mammals give birth to live young

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25
Q

What is ovoviviparity?

A

Certain reptile and sharks produce an egg that hatches inside the body

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26
Q

Describe the holoblastic pattern of cleavage

A

Entire egg divide into smaller cells in amphibians and mammals

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27
Q

Describe meroblastic pattern of cleavage

A

Only one part of egg is destined to become embryo, other portion serves as nutrition (embryo) in birds and fish

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28
Q

What do all animals originate from?

A

Eggs

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29
Q

What is the blastoderm of chick embryos?

A

Small region of egg that contains yolk-free cytoplasm that gives rise to embryo

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30
Q

What forms before the heart does in chicks?

A

Islands of blood cells

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31
Q

What does comparative embryology show?

A

How different adult structures have the same embryonic precursors

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32
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Features that result from a common ancestor, even if they look different today

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33
Q

What is an example of a homologous structures?

A

Bat wing and human hand; share the same bones

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34
Q

What kind of evolution are homologous structures?

A

Divergent evolution

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35
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

Two or more characteristics have a common evolutionary origin, but have diverged over time

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36
Q

Divergent evolution is also known as…

A

Adaptive radiation

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37
Q

Characters of divergent evolution can be…

A

Observable from different species or molecular entities like genes

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38
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Features that do not have a common ancestor, but may have the same function today

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39
Q

What is an example of analogous structures?

A

Bird wing and bat wing; perform same function but evolved indendently

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40
Q

What type of evolution are analogous structures?

A

Convergent evolution

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41
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Organisms not related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments/niches

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42
Q

Define vestigial structures

A

Homologous characters which have lost all or lost if their function through evolution

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43
Q

Vestigial may take…

A

Various forms such as anatomical structures, behaviors, and biochemical pathways

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44
Q

Vestigial structure have __ _____ _______ and are _________ ____ _________ ___ ______ _____

A

No known purpose, leftovers from ancestors who needed them

45
Q

What are examples of vestigial structures?

A

Wings on flightless birds
Human body hair
Appendix
Leg bones on whales and snakes

46
Q

Plants and animal cells share…

A

Most of the same organelles

47
Q

The closer two organisms are related, ….

A

The more genes they have in common and the closer their amino acid sequences are

48
Q

Some genes are…

A

Wide-spread among organisms

49
Q

Example of cellular and molecular evidence:

A

Pax-6 gene; codes for making eye in humans and flies

50
Q

Examples of sub-optional design

A

Trachea vs esophagus (can lead to choking)
Human eye (inverted retina; blind spot)
Non-coding DNA

51
Q

What type of crops/livestock are chosen to reproduce?

A

Most fit/desirable

52
Q

Overtime, characteristics in crops/livestock…

A

Change

53
Q

Define natural community

A

An assemblage of plants and animals living together in the same environment

54
Q

The swamp forest is home to the…

A

Greatest number of tree species along natural communities in our area

55
Q

Lowland trees in the swamp forest have what type of roots?

A

Shallow and wide-spreading

56
Q

Where is Sedge Meadow found?

A

Swampy, riverbank, or other wet environments

57
Q

Define wetlands

A

Any area either covered by shallow water or containing waterlogged soil where the soil lacks oxygen and grows water-loving plants

58
Q

List types of wetlands

A

Marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, wet meadows, temporarily flooded wetlands (seasonal wetlands)

59
Q

List characteristics of marshes

A

Composed of open water and standing vegetation like bulrushes and cattails
Soil usually fertile muck
Lack woody plants

60
Q

List a characteristic of swamps

A

Containing shrubs and trees:
Alder, dogwood, silver maple

61
Q

List characteristics of bogs

A

Dominated by sphagnum moss that holds water
Highly acidic and anoxic
Woody plants like tamarack, high bush blueberries, and glossy buckthorn
Native carnivorous plants like pitcher plant and sundew

62
Q

List characteristics of fens

A

Similar to bogs but highly alkaline
Sees and rush dominated
Occurs on alkaline saturated sphagnum and/or marl influenced by groundwater rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates

63
Q

What is old field succession?

A

Type of secondary succession that begins with open soil already in place

64
Q

What does primary succession begin with?

A

Raw rock surface

65
Q

List characteristics of the northern coniferous forest

A

Largest biome
2 layers of vegetation
Populated by needled trees like spruce, fir, and tamarack

66
Q

What is the diagnostic herbivore of the northern coniferous forest?

A

Moose

67
Q

Describe environment of northern coniferous forest

A

Many bogs dominated by sphagnum
Typically sandy soils
Insectivorous plants like sundew and pitcher plant
Ground dwelling plants like blueberries, bearberries, and leather leaf

68
Q

When do bogs form?

A

As rate of decay is slowed by lack of bacteria populations due to cold temperatures, acidic conditions, and low O2 levels

69
Q

List characteristics of the tundra

A

Permafrost causing poor drainage
Flat terrain
Grass, sedges, low shrubs (creeping willow), mosses, lichens, etc
Lots of mosquitos

70
Q

List characteristics of tundras in alpine regions

A

High altitude
Slightly longer growing seasons
Shorter days
Better drainage on rough terrain
No permafrost

71
Q

What is the diagnostic herbivore of the tundra?

A

Reindeer or caribou

72
Q

What is the top predator of the tundra?

A

Polar bear

73
Q

If the precipitation level in the tundra is equivalent to that of the desert, why do marshy environments form?

A

Permafrost
Short warm season leading to melting water

74
Q

List characteristics of the temperate deciduous forest

A

Home biome
Broadleaf production
Moderate temperatures and seasonal patterns
3 layers of vegetation

75
Q

What is the primary herbivore of the temperate deciduous forest?

A

White-tailed deer

76
Q

Why do leaves fall each year in the temperate deciduous forest?

A

To allow attachment sites to heal and prevent infection during winter months of inactivity

77
Q

Where is the bulk of organic material in the temperate deciduous found?

A

Leaf litter

78
Q

List characteristics of tropical rain forest

A

550+ species of broadleaf evergreens
Many species, few organisms
7 layers of vegetation

79
Q

What is the primary predator of the tropical rainforest?

A

Boa constrictor

80
Q

Where is the bulk of organic material in the tropical rain forest?

A

Living things because soil is being leached by heavy rainfall and nutrient poor

81
Q

List a characteristic of temperate rain forest

A

Largest trees in the world (firs and hemlocks)

82
Q

List characteristics of prairies

A

Mostly native plants, wheat and corn acreage as well
No trees
Flat/rolling terrain

83
Q

What are prairies?

A

Climax communities, sustained populations within a stable community no longer undergoing succession

84
Q

Where is the bulk of biomass in prairies?

A

Below surface in the root mass, up to 10”

85
Q

What is the first stage of secondary succession?

A

Weedfield

86
Q

What separates prairies from forests?

A

Less rainfall, fewer woody plants

87
Q

What is the primary grass of the tall prairie?

A

Big bluestem

88
Q

What is the primary herbivore of the prairie?

A

Bison

89
Q

How are prairie plants adapted to the region?

A

Massive grown fibrous roots to trap water to reach the surface or further east, thick and deep roots that penetrate aquifer

90
Q

How have plants developed habits to reduce evaporation in the prairie?

A

Leaves vertical
Grass blades roll when dry
Fuzzy hairs protect from desiccation
Thickened sap
Hard-coated seeds

91
Q

List characteristics of the desert

A

Bare ground between plants
Cacti
Specialized shrubs

92
Q

What farming practice common in Europe is believed to have led to the evolution of biennials?

A

Crop rotation

93
Q

What are epiphytes?

A

Plant that grows on other plants
No attachment to ground
Not parasitic on supporting plants

94
Q

What are lianas?

A

Vines climb all the way up to the trees to the canopy, especially in tropical rainforest
Important structural difference between tropical and temperate rainforess

95
Q

How can we prevent the spread of invasives?

A

Don’t import invasive pests
Don’t release pets into wild
Don’t plant invasives

96
Q

Both artificial and natural selection involve…

A

Changes to genes in populations (evolution)

97
Q

Red and jack pines are…

A

Early succession of upland forest community

98
Q

Sugar maple is a part of…

A

Upper story (canopy) climax community of upland forest community

99
Q

Hickories are apart of…

A

Upper story middle succession of upland forest community

100
Q

Blue beech is a part of…

A

Under story (2nd) of swamp forest

101
Q

Beech is a part of…

A

Upper story (canopy) climax community of upland forest community

102
Q

Flowering dogwood is a part of…

A

Under story (2nd) middle and late succession of dry forest community

103
Q

Yellow birch is a part of…

A

Canopy of swamp forest

104
Q

Willows are a part of..:

A

Shrub Carr

105
Q

Alders are a a part of…

A

Shrub Carr

106
Q

Oaks other than pin are a part of…

A

Upper story middle succession of upland forest community

107
Q

Poplars are a part of…

A

Early succession of dry forest community

108
Q

Dogwoods other then flowering are a part of…

A

Shrub Carr

AP Bio (15 decks)

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