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AP Bio > Pretest 2 > Flashcards

Pretest 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do viruses inject into your cells?

A

DNA

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2
Q

Which cycle involves the reproduction of viruses using a host cell to manufacture more viruses and leads to the death of the host cell?

A

Lytic cycle

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3
Q

Which cycle allows for phage to integrate its DNA into bacterial DNA without killing the host cell?

A

Lysogenic cycle

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4
Q

What does HIV insert into your cell?

A

RNA

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5
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus that has RNA instead of DNA as genetic material

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6
Q

What are the primary cells in the autoimmune system?

A

T-cells and B-cells

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7
Q

What do B-cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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8
Q

Why is it difficult to produce HIV vaccines?

A

HIV mutates rapidly

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9
Q

What is unusual about Covid-19?

A

It jumps between species

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10
Q

What do HIV positive people use to avoid developing AIDS?

A

Antivirals

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11
Q

Why are antivirals saved until urgently needed?

A

If antivirals are used too frequently, viruses can mutate to become immune to them

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12
Q

What are genes that code things called?

A

Exons

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13
Q

What are genes that code nothing called?

A

Introns

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14
Q

Why can RNA break down easily?

A

It is a single-stranded molecule

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15
Q

Why do Africans have higher chances of surviving viruses?

A

Development in their autoimmune systems that Americans and Europeans don’t have

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16
Q

Where does Vitamin D come from?

A

The sun

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17
Q

What do we need Vitamin D for?

A

Healthy bones

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18
Q

What protects against the damaging effects of UV rays?

A

Melanin

19
Q

What did people do to prevent Vitamin D deficiency?

A

They fortified Vitamin D in milk and orange juice

20
Q

What does adaption lead to?

A

Evolution

21
Q

What is Adaption to Evolution driven by?

A

Natural selection

22
Q

What is Darwin’s Theory about?

A

Gradualism (evolution occurs through accumulation of gradual changes)

23
Q

Theory that states that evolutionary change isn’t constant; it happens in short periods of rapid evolution followed by long period when no change occurs

A

Punctuated equilibrium

24
Q

Plants don’t carry enough…

A

Protein

25
Q

Omega 3 and omega 6 is…

A

Needed in the diet

26
Q

Our body can’t manufacture all the…

A

Peptides that proteins are made out of

27
Q

How many different peptides are needed to make all human proteins?

A

20 peptides

28
Q

How many peptides can we not manufacture?

A

8 peptides

29
Q

Meat contains what?

A

The 8 essential peptides

30
Q

What can replace meat to fulfill the 8 essential peptides?

A

Legumes (beans and peas) and grains (wheat, corn, rice)

31
Q

What does radiation mean?

A

Increasing diversity

32
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Eukarya, Archea, and Bacteria

33
Q

Why are viruses not considered living?

A

They can’t reproduce independently and don’t use energy

34
Q

Why might people think blood is blue?

A

Veins, bruises, coldness, myth of blue deoxygenated blood, and charts/diagrams

35
Q

What do we have to prove that blood is red?

A

When blood gets drawn, it is red and blood is almost never fully deoxygenated

36
Q

What can the hypothalamus do?

A

Distort apparent color of blood

37
Q

Why are there 24 hours in a day?

A

The earth takes 24 hours to rotate around the sun once because its circumstance is 24,000 miles around

38
Q

Why are there 365 days in a year?

A

The earth makes one revolution around the sun every 365.25 days which marks one year. A leap day is added to even it out

39
Q

Why do seasons happen?

A

When earth tilts on her axis, at some point it will be tilted towards the sun and receive direct solar radiation which causes heating that leads to summer. When tilted at an obtuse angle, the sun reflects and results in cooling which leads to winter

40
Q

What causes the phases of the moon?

A

The changing portions of luminated surface as the moon revolves

41
Q

Where did HIV originate?

A

Africa

42
Q

What is the difference between adaption and evolution?

A

Adaption is a genetic change in an individual and evolution is a genetic change in a population

43
Q

What is geographical isolation and what can it lead to?

A

When populations of the same species are divided and can lead to them not being able to breed together anymore which results in unique phenotypes or a new species

AP Bio (15 decks)

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