Proteins and lipids review Flashcards

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1
Q

Cholesterol is the…

A

Basic structural molecule upon which steroidal hormones are built

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2
Q

Cholesterol molecules within the phospholipid bilayer help promote…

A

Stability within biological membranes

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3
Q

We don’t need cholesterol from our diet, however, we…

A

Manufacture it as needed

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4
Q

Why are LDLs considered to be dangerous to human health?

A

They stick to the walls of blood vessels, forming plaque
Leads to blockage that increases blood pressure and reduces the flexibility of affected vessels
Plaque formation may lead to atherosclerosis

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5
Q

What do HDLs do?

A

Helps remove LDLs from our digestive tract and blood vessels

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6
Q

Saturated and trans fat will…

A

Increase LDL levels in your blood

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7
Q

What makes up most of the body’s cholesterol?

A

LDL; low density lipoprotein, sometimes called bad cholesterol

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8
Q

High levels of LDL cholesterol raises…

A

Risk for heart disease and stroke

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9
Q

HDL (high density lipoprotein) or good cholesterol…

A

Absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver
Liver then flushed it from the body

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10
Q

High levels of HDL cholesterol can…

A

Lower your risk for heart disease and stroke

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11
Q

What are sources of HDLs in our diet?

A

Fish oils and olive oil, and include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

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12
Q

What are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

A

Fish like sardines and salmon
Walnuts
Canola oil

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13
Q

What is the synthesis that forms a triglyceride from fatty acid tails and glycerol molecule called?

A

Esterification, a specific condensation synthesis

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14
Q

What is the bond that results from an esterification synthesis called?

A

Ester linkage

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15
Q

What is the condensation reaction that results in attachment of a phosphate group to an organic molecule referred to as?

A

Phosphorylation

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16
Q

What are hormones referred to as?

A

Chemical messengers/signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms
Transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs
Regulate physiology and behavior

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17
Q

What two categories of organic molecules do hormones in most multicellular organisms belong to?

A

Amino acids/proteins; lipids

18
Q

Lipid hormones are referred to as…

A

Steroids and are fat soluble

19
Q

Protein hormones are…

A

Polar and tend to be water soluble

20
Q

The phospholipid bilayer is composed of…

A

Molecules containing fatty acid tails, a phosphate containing group, and a dehydrated glycerol molecule

21
Q

Some athletes have been known to use…

A

An anabolic steroid called androstenedione

22
Q

Androstenedione functions as a…

A

Precursor to testosterone, resulting in female athletes potentially testing for higher testosterone levels

23
Q

Androstenedione increases…

A

The risk of all athletes for various health concerns related to high testosterone levels

24
Q

What is the biggest concern of the use of anabolic steroids?

A

Increased risk of high blood pressure Muscle and tendon damage
Reduction in bone growth; reduced final height
Risk of heart attack
Liver disease and cancer
Mood swings including depression and aggression

25
Q

Lipids are used as energy storage molecules in animals rather than carbohydrates because they are…

A

More efficient energy storage molecules, favorable to long-term storage in the body where carbohydrates break down easily

26
Q

As animals are motile, they need…

A

More stable storage molecules; fat provide that stability

27
Q

Peptides contain the following functional groups:

A

-COOH, carboxyl, an acid group; -NH2, amine, actually basic; one of 23 specific hydrocarbon residues, -R

28
Q

A description of a protein as a single, linear chain containing a particular sequence of amino acids describes the…

A

Primary structure of the protein

29
Q

A description of a protein by the position of peptides in a 3D, globular construct:

A

Tertiary structure

30
Q

When we describe the regional folding of a polypeptide, we’re describing the _______ structure of the protein

A

Secondary

31
Q

What are the four primary causes of regional folding in a polypeptide chain?

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide bridging

32
Q

An aggregate protein composed of globular subunits describes what level of protein structure?

A

Quaternary

33
Q

Which lipids act as light absorbing pigments in plants?

A

Caretenoids

34
Q

List 4 examples of an alpha helix fibrous protein

A

Keratin, elastin, myosin, and actin

35
Q

Which lipids are used as chemical signals to carry message to different parts of the body?

A

Hormones

36
Q

Which lipids form the relatively impermeable barriers that delineate cells (membranes)?

A

Phospholipids

37
Q

An aggregate protein composed of four myoglobin subunits, the protein component of red blood cells:

A

Hemoglobin

38
Q

A fibrous protein used where there is a need for a strong, rigid, and unstretchable structural component:

A

Gamma helix

39
Q

If a C=O and an N-H group are placed in proximity of each other during secondary folding of a polypeptide chain, they might form a:

A

Hydrogen bond

40
Q

Eating unsaturated or polyunsaturated fats, “good fats”, …

A

Decreases levels of harmful LDL
Increases protective HDL

41
Q

What are good sources of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fats?

A

Canola and olive oil