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Pathology II > Quiz 2 shuffle > Flashcards

Quiz 2 shuffle Flashcards

1
Q

Outer 1/3 eyebrows missing can indicate….

A

Hypothyrodism

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2
Q

What causes a cherry red spot in the macula?

A

Lysosomal storage disease (Tay-Sach’s)

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3
Q

What is most commonly associated with Thyroid Eye Disease?

A

Grave’s disease

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4
Q

Name disease:
Muscle Spasms, Poor balance
Frequent falls, Inability to walk, Drooping eyelids, Scoliosis, Joint contractures, Restrictions of mobility, Respiratory difficulty*, Arrhythmias, Cardiomyopathy

A

Muscular Dystrophy

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5
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease*

  • Excess dietary iodine
  • Thyroiditis (usually viral, but can become hypothyroidism)
  • Benign thyroid or pituitary adenoma
  • Tumors of the testes or ovaries (because humangonadotropin hormone can stimulate thyroid)
  • Over medication of hypothyroidism
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6
Q

Pineal gland produces ____

A

Meletonin

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?

A 
Asymptomatic (50%)
 *Osteoporosis
 *Subperiosteal absorption (bone indentation)
 Polyuria and polydipsia
 Constipation
 Weakness and fatigue
 Myalgias
 Cognitive impairment
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8
Q

What is the tx for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Discontinue steroids
Surgery
Radiation
Medication

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9
Q

Thyroid hormones affect the cell in ____

A

The nucleus (the drug is lipophilic)

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10
Q

How do you treat diabetes insipidus?

A

Treat with oral ADH. The pee is too dilute

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11
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury?

A

Rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury that’s on a microscopic level. Lesions develop in white matter that degrade after trauma.

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12
Q

Tx of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

A

Plasmapheresis (separating antibodies), IV immunoglobulin (removes auto-antibodies), Supportive, Spontaneous recovery (usually)

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13
Q

Cause: Sudden fever, Stiff neck

Headache, Altered mental status

A

Meningitis

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14
Q

What are symptoms of syncope prodrome?

A

Dizziness, loss of vision/hearing, weakness, pallor, clammy skin, nausea.

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15
Q

Acromegaly vs gigantism? Acromegaly symptoms? How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly?

A

Acromegaly is excess growth hormone after bones have fused, affects cartilaginous growth. Symptoms: Increased ring or shoe size, Enlarged facial features and skin tags, Increased size of internal organs, Deepening of the voice. Dx via MRI and GH suppression test. Tx medication or surgery

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16
Q

What are the ocular complications of Cushing Syndrome?

A

Cataracts
Steroid-response glaucoma
Visual field defects (if they have adenoma)
Microvascular retinopathy (DM because cortisol increase blood sugar)
Central serous choroidopathy (leaky RPE causes swelling)

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17
Q

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? What are the signs and symptoms?

A

-Autoimmune response causing thyroid damage
-Most common cause of hypothyroidism*
Middle aged individuals
Females:Males 10:1
Signs and symptoms
-Low serum T4
-Elevated TSH levels
-Myxedema
-Goiter

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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19
Q

What can cause hypertensive crisis?

A

Pheochromocytoma

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20
Q

Low vitamin D or light can cause ___in children or ____ in adults

A

“Rickets” in children

“Osteomalacia” in adults

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21
Q

What is a lumbar puncture good for?

A

Punting air, dye, or medications in. Sampling CSF

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22
Q

What causes reduced capillary permeability in the BBB?

A

Endothelial tight junctions and Thickened basement membrane

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23
Q

What are causes of syncope?

A

Fainting can be from orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope (standing too long, anxiety of needles, space monkeys), cardiogenic syncope

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24
Q

Cause of encephalitis? Signs and symptoms? How is treatment?

A

Usually viral: Herpes simplex 1 & 2, Arboviruses, Rabies virus. Seizures, stupor, coma. Supportive treatment

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25
Q

What are different level types of hormones?

A

Constant level, variable level, and cyclical

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26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A 
Muscle cramps and spasm**
 Brittle nails
 Dry hair
 Dry, scaly skin
 Abdominal pain
 Paresthesia
 Seizures
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27
Q

Cushing disease vs syndrome….

A

Cushing Disease is excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH; adenoma
More common in women.
Cushing Syndrome is excessive level of cortisol

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28
Q

What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Bronchopneumonia

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29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus? How do you treat it?

A

Large head size, Seizures, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Blurred/Double Vision, Balance/Gait problem, Incontinence. Treat it with a shunt

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30
Q

Inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve is…

A

Bell’s palsy

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31
Q

Low Ca causes secretion of ____ by ____

A

Parathyroid hormone by parathyroid

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32
Q

Name disease: Diplopia, Ptosis, Mask-like facial

Expression, Dysphagia, Weak voice

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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33
Q

What is thyroperoxidate (TPO) and Thyroglobulin antibodies inplicated in?

A

Hashimotos (auto-immune thyroid damage) and Grave’s (auto-ab mimics TSH)

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34
Q

What is the most common cause of proptosis and diploipa in adults?

A

The thyroid eye disease in Grave’s disease.

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35
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is what type?

A

Lysosomal storage disease, inherited metabolic disorder. Systemic affecting neurons, too.

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36
Q

How do you dx and tx Pheochromocytoma?

A 
Diagnosis:
 -Serum and urine levels of
 -catecholamines
 -Abdominal MRI
 Treatment
 -Surgery
 -Alpha- and beta-blockers
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37
Q

What are the common symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin atrophy, collagen breakdown causing “Stretch marks”, facial hair growth

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38
Q

Which Leukodystrophy is x-linked?

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

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39
Q

What is the most common cause of adult pituitary dysfunction?

A

Pituitary adenoma.

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40
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorders?

A

Alzheimer’s (1) and Parkinson’s (2)

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41
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

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42
Q

What is Pituitary Apoplexy? Most common causes? Symptoms (2 important ones)?

A

Pituitary apoplexy is vascular damage to the pituitary. Causes: *Pituitary adenoma, Pregnancy, Postpartum hemorrhage, Sickle-cell, DM, Shock Trauma. SYMPTOMS: headache, syncope, blurred vision, *ophthalmoplegia (double vision), *visual field defects, death possible (adrenal insufficiency,
hypotension/hypoglycemia/SAH)

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43
Q

VHL …..

A

….prevents the growth of tumors

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44
Q

What are the causes of hypopituitarism?

A

Tumor, Infarctions (trauma/TBI, DM, etc.), adiation, Surgery, Postpartum Hemorrhage (Sheehan’s Syndrome)

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45
Q

What are most common causes of head injuries?

A

Car accidents, falls, assaults

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46
Q

Name disease: Headache, Confusion, Lightheadedness, Dizziness, Blurred vision or tired eyes, Ringing in the ears, Bad taste in the mouth, Fatigue or lethargy, A change in sleep patterns, Behavioral or mood changes: Memory, concentration, or attention problems

A

Mild TBI

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47
Q

Pheochromocytoma is from…

A

Excessive production and release of catecholamines

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48
Q

Papilledema can indicate what?

A

Early sign of increased cranial pressure, Brain tumors

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49
Q

What is diagnosis of ALS? Treatment?

A

EMG, Nerve conduction studies, MRI, Serum laboratory testing. Riluzole (glutamate inhibitor).

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50
Q

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

Normal pressure but abnormal CSF volume

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51
Q

What is treatment of Bell’s palsy?

A

Spontaneous recovery, steroids for inflammation. Make sure it’s not a stroke, infection, or trauma, tumor.

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52
Q

What are the adrenal disorders?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome, Addison’s Disease, Conn’s Disease, Pheochromocytoma

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53
Q

How is Huntington’s diagnosed?

A

MRI

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54
Q

What can cause hypoparathyroisism? How is gender ratio? How tx?

A 
Neck surgery*
 Autoimmune disease
 Radiation Tx of thyroid
 Inherited disorders
 Men=women
 Tx: Calcium carbonate and Vitamin D
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55
Q

What are leukodystrophies? What diseases they include? What kind of cell death?

A

Progressive disruption of myelin sheaths. Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD), Adrenoleukodystrophy. The cells die causing inflammation.

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56
Q

Name disease: Persistent or progressive headache, Repeated vomiting or nausea, Convulsions or seizures, An inability to awaken from sleep, Dilation of one or both pupils, Slurred speech, Weakness or numbness in the extremities, Loss of coordination; Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation

A

Severe TBI. Also includes mild TBI symptoms

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57
Q

What are common co-morbidities of cerebral palsy?

A

Epilepsy and cognitive impairment

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58
Q

Coup vs contrecoup

A

Coup is head struck, contrecoup is rebound on opposite side of skull.

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59
Q

What is the classic triad of meningitis? Which meningitis is more common?

A

Sudden fever, stiff neck, HA, (altered mental status). Viral is most common (but bacteria, fungi, and parasites can cause it too)

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60
Q

Name disease: Resting tremors, Mask-like expression, Slow, quiet speech, Shuffling gait, Stooped posture, Rigid muscles

A

Parkinson’s disease

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61
Q

What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland?

A

It regulates the basal metabolic rate.

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62
Q

MRIs are good for…

A

Soft tissue, safety (not ionizing)

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63
Q

What’s the tx of pituitary adenoma?

A

Surgery or medication (to reduce hormone level in blood)

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64
Q

Hypo/hyperthyroidism has familial associations?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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65
Q

What is relapsing-remitting MS? What % is progressive MS?

A

90% of MS respond well to treatment. MS goes into remission (but can come back). Progressive is 20%

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66
Q

What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? Demographics?

A

Antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptor sites causing weakness. Affects women more than men

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67
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor of the adrenal medulla that cause Secrete excess catecholamines (NE)
90% benign /10% malignant.

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68
Q

Name disease:

Muscle spasms, Pain, Slurred speech, Blindness, Paralysis, Cognitive decline

A

Late symptoms of MS

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69
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome is from…

A

High cortisol

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70
Q

What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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71
Q

What are the ocular manifestations of Hypothyroidism?

A 
1 *Eyebrows; Outer 1/3 missing
 2 SLK (superior conj injection)
 ~50% cases have thyroid issues
 3 Exophthalmos (but more common with hyperthyroidism)
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72
Q

What is the gold standard for evaluating acute brain injury?

A

Glasgow coma scale.

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73
Q

How does Alzheimer’s affect genders?

A

Women more than men

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74
Q

What is the Dx, Tx, and complications of Hyperthyroidism?

A 
Diagnosis
 -Thyroid scan
 -Serum TSH
 -Thyroid-stimulating Ig
 Treatment
 -Anti-thyroid medications
 -Radioactive iodine treatment
 -Surgery
 Complications
 -Atrial fibrillation
 -Osteoporosis
 -Thyroid eye disease
 -Edematous and erythematous skin
 -Thyrotoxic crisis
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75
Q

How do you diagnose Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? Tx? Untreated complications?

A 
Dx: Anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase ) antibody titers, Serum TSH high, low T3, low T4.
 Tx: Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
 Complications:
 Cardiomegaly
 Heart failure
 Pleural effusion
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76
Q

How can you tell difference between malignant and benign tumors?

A

Malignant has inflammation and edema, starts to distort the brain tissue.

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77
Q

How do you treat Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Ach-esterase inhibitor, thymectomy, plasmapheresis (remove offending auto-antibodies)

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78
Q

Causes of ICP fluctuations:

A

Brain edema, CSF obstructions, Intracranial hemorrhage, tumor

79
Q

What can cause osteoporosis?

A

Hyperthyroidism causes excess calictonin which breaks down bone

80
Q

What are the causes of epilepsy?

A

Idiopathic, Stroke, Dementia, TBI, Infections, Tumors, Congenital defect or perinatal brain injury

81
Q

What is the order of thyroid tests? (detail)

A 
1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3
 2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin
 aka: TSH-Receptor AB
 (+) in Grave’s Disease (90+%)
 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies
 (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease
 (+) in Grave’s Disease
 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies
 (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (95%)
 (+) in Grave’s Disease (50-75%)
82
Q

What are the causes of Hyperparathyroidism? How do you treat?

A 
Neck radiation for thyroid
 Adenoma
 Carcinoma (rare)
 Hypocalcemia (secondary).
 Tx with surgury
83
Q

What are the risk factors of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Thyroid diseases, Diabetes mellitus Type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Demyelinating CNS diseases

84
Q

What is Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome? What are the sign’s sympoms?What’s the cause?

A

Upward gaze deficit due to involvement of vertical gaze centers in dorsal midbrain (sup colliculus).
Symptoms: diplopia, difficulty looking up
Signs: lid retraction, defective upgaze, convergence retraction nystagmus, mydriasis with light near dissociation, papilledema
Causes: *pinealomas, *hydrocephalus, CVA, MS, trauma

85
Q

TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the ______ to make ___ which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3

A

the pituitary gland to make TSH

86
Q

Partial complex seizures symptoms

A

Loss of awareness, automatisms

87
Q

What is the cause of Bell’s palsy?

A

Inflammatory response after viral infection of (Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I)

88
Q

What are sunset eyes?

A

Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome.

The eyes bulge in pediatric hydrocephalus, causing white of eye to be shown in upper eye.

89
Q

What determines hormonal potency?

A

Concentration and receptors: specificity (fit), affinity (strength), and number

90
Q

Addison’s Disease is from…

A

Low cortisol and/or low aldosterone

91
Q

What are the ocular manifestation of Parkinson’s?

A

Decreased blink rate, blepharospasm, decreased convergence amplitudes.

92
Q

What are complications of epilepsy?

A

Difficulty learning, aspiration, brain damage (can be permanent), drowsiness from medication.

93
Q

What is the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease?

A

Lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital soft tissue
Edema and mucopolysaccharide deposition by fibroblasts
Enlargement of EOMs

94
Q

How often does Bell’s palsy happen?

A

Usually only once

95
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US? In the world?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Iodine deficiency

96
Q

What disease is non-inflammatory disease of striated muscle?

A

Muscular dystrophy

97
Q

Purpose of CSF?

A

Buoyancy, Protection, Chemical stability, Prevention of brain ischemia (if BP falls, CSF production can also fall to facilitate blood flow)

98
Q

Partial Simple seizures symptoms

A

Have no loss of awareness and have limited symptoms

99
Q

What is a myelogram? What does it detect?

A

A neurologic test that is a dye to detect spinal tumor,

Herniated disks, Vascular malformations, CSF leaks

100
Q

What is typical head trauma called?

A

Closed (blunt) head trauma

101
Q

__% of 20 year MS pts are not disabled and can still walk. They typically have a(n) _____ lifespan

A

66%. Normal lifespan

102
Q

What are the 5 types of endocrine disorders?

A

Hypo/hyperfunction of a gland, then receptor defect, primary or secondary messenger defect

103
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Woman bleeds too much in childbirth causing a stroke of the pituitary

104
Q

What is graves disease?

A

Excess secretion of thyroid hormone because of antibody that stimulates TSH receptor. It is most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease

105
Q

Cataracts can happen in what disease?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

106
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Group of syndromes. Permanent, non-progressive damage to motor control areas of the brain

107
Q

What are the neurologic tests for brain tumors?

A

Myelogram, lumbar puncture, Glasgow coma scale, Cerebral angiography, EEG

108
Q

Chorea is a symptom of what?

A

Huntington’s disease. Chorea is involuntary writhing movements.

109
Q

What can cause Excessive level of cortisol? (Cushing syndrome)

A

Adrenal adenoma
Adrenal carcinoma
Ectopic ACTH (cancer)
Exogenous steroid use*.

110
Q

Lack of ACTH causes what?

A

Addison’s

111
Q

CT scans are good for…

A

Looking at bones, space-occupying lesions, they’re fast and inexpensive.

112
Q

What are the risk factors of brain tumors?

A

Ionizing radiation, Immunosuppression, Hereditary syndromes

113
Q

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

A

2 or more unprovoked seizures typically required for diagnosis

114
Q

___ in the ____ stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3

A

TRH in the hypothalamus

115
Q

Name disease: Memory loss, Confusion, Aggression, Depression, Dementia, Impulse control problems

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

116
Q

If Guillain-Barré Syndrome is antibody-mediated autoimmune, what hypersensitivity type is it?

A

II

117
Q

What can cause white dots in palpebral conj?

A

Conjunctival concretions of hyperparathyroidism

118
Q

What does the Glasgow coma scale include?

A

Eye opening, motor response, verbal response

119
Q

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a deficiency in the activity of ___

A

Arylsulfatase (affects white matter)

120
Q

When does a goiter happen?

A

Mostly in Hypothyroidism (and also hyperthyoridism)

121
Q

What symptoms of Alzheimer’s are early vs. late stage?

A

Early is memory loss and disorientation, Late is motor loss and aphasia.

122
Q

___% of MS patients have ocular symptoms

A

66% (optic neuritis)

123
Q

1st and 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in children?

A

1st Leukemia, 2nd is brain tumors.

124
Q

What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome? What is the cause?

A

Acute, idiopathic polyneuritis of the PNS. Paralysis starts in the legs and moves up. Autoimmune that triggers from GI/respiration infection. Disrupts myelin sheaths.

125
Q

What is thyroid disease gender ratio?

A

F > M

126
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the risk factors of ALS?

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of upper and motor neurons. Affects men more than women. Weakness and wasting of extremities, paralysis. Does not affect personality or eyesight. Smoking, lead exposure, military service are risk factors.

127
Q

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

x-linked early onset (3-5 years). Absence of dystrophin. Pseudohypertrophy (muscle replaced with fat). Death by early 30s

128
Q

What are the symptoms of Tay-Sach’s disease? At what age does it start?

A

Motor development delay, Flaccid paralysis, Mental impairment, Blindness, Death. Starts at 6 months of age.

129
Q

Conn’s Disease is from….

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

130
Q

What is communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Communicating, excess CSF can exit but there is reabsorption problem, non-communicating is where there is an obstruction

131
Q

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures symptoms

A

Dramatic loss of consciousness, Tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities, Incontinence, Amnesia of the event

132
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases osteoclast activity
Increases Ca reabsorption by kidneys
Increase Ca uptake by intestines

133
Q

Generalized absence seizures symptoms

A

Staring spell, brief, immediate recovery

134
Q

What are the late signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

A

Exophthalmos
Persistent eyelid swelling
Diplopia
Decreased vision in one or both eyes (optic nerve compression)

135
Q

What is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state?

A

diffuse axonal injury

136
Q

Some blue light retinal fibers project to the ___

A

Pineal gland!

137
Q

What is an addisonian crisis?

A

Life-threatening low cortisol causing liver dysfunction and low sugar and low aldosterone causes excessive water and Na loss causing low bp, shock, and coma/death.

138
Q

What is TSH-receptor antibody implicated in?

A

Grave’s disease

139
Q

T4 and T4 is stored in the ____ and there is a storage that can last for _____ months

A

Colloid and can last for 2-3 months

140
Q

What are the demyelinating diseases?

A

Leukodystrophy, MS, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome

141
Q

TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates the ____ to make _____

A

thyroid to make T4 and T3

142
Q

What disease does not affect personality or eyesight

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

143
Q

What is Thyroid eye disease? What age typically?

A

50-70% “thyroid stare” in Graves Disease
*Most common cause of proptosis and diplopia in adults
Also occurs in hypothyroidism, not just hyper
6% of patients are euthyroid

144
Q

How do you diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Tensilon (Edrophonium) /ice-pack test, Electromyography (EMG), Anti-ACH receptor Abs

145
Q 
Name disease:
 Numbness or tingling,
 Unexplained weakness or
 Fatigue,
 Double vision,
 Decreased acuity
A

Early symptoms of MS

146
Q

What is Swelling of lower legs legs?

A

Myxedema

147
Q

What is non-spastic cerebral palsy?

A

Damage outside of pyramidal tracts. 20% of cases. Hypotensicity and ataxia.

148
Q

What is hyperacusis a symptom of?

A

Bell’s palsy

149
Q

Causes of viral meningitis?

A

Enteroviruses, HSV 2, Varicella zoster, Mumps, Influenza, HIV

150
Q

Diabetes insipidus is a lack of what?

A

ADH

151
Q

How do you treat cerebral palsy?

A

Muscle relaxants, Anticonvulsant drugs, Orthopedic surgery / appliances

152
Q

Symptoms of Bell’s Palsy

A

Unilateral facial droop (eyelid does not close), diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, decreased lacrimation

153
Q

What is concussion vs contusion?

A

Concussion is diffuse, microscopic damage (that probably won’t show on MRI). Contusion is brain bruise, localized macroscopic damage (causing edema, increased ICP, and hemorrhage)

154
Q

What is cerebral angiography?

A

Injection of contrast through the femoral artery. Visualize the cerebral arteries and assess for lesions

155
Q

What are they important symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A 
Lethargy
 Cold intolerance
 Bradycardia
 Goiter
 Decreased appetite
 Constipation
156
Q

Early and late Signs and Symptoms of Increased intracranial pressure:

A

Early: Vomiting, Headache, Papilledema.

Late: Bradycardia, HTN, Respiratory changes, Herniation

157
Q

What is the Tensilon test?

A

Helps diagnose Myasthenia Gravis by disabling Ach esterase

158
Q

What are infectious disorders of the CNS?

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia bacteria (lyme disease)

159
Q

What can be the cause of a constant runny nose?

A

Traumatic pneumocephalus. CSF leaks out of nose

160
Q

What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?

A

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain from Accumulation of tau protein in neurons. From repeated brain injury.

161
Q

Why do you want to taper steroid use?

A

To avoid Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)

162
Q

Which EOMS are more likely to be affected in thyroid eye disease

A

IM SLO. Inferior is the most affected

163
Q

What thyroid hormone is more plentiful?

A

T4 is more plentiful than T3

164
Q

What are the most common pituitary tumors?

A

1 Prolactinoma (PRL)*, 2 Corticotropinoma (ACTH), 3 Somatotropinoma (GH)

165
Q

How do you diagnose MS? How tx MS?

A

2 or more attacks and MRI showing lesions. Tx Immunosuppression, Amino acid injections, Cortical steroids, Management of symptoms

166
Q

What has an earlier age onset? Hypo/hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism (15-40 years)

167
Q

What is Addison’s disease? What causes Addison’s disease? How diagnose?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency (not enough cortisol/aldosterone release). 80% are auto-immune destruction of adrenal gland. Diagnose with ACTH stimulation test or presence of anti-adrenal antibodies.

168
Q

PETs are good for….

A

Showing function rather than structural.

169
Q

What are the early and signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

A 
Foreign body sensation
 Redness
 Tearing
 Photophobia
 Morning puffiness of the eyelids
170
Q

What can rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury cause?

A

diffuse axonal injury

171
Q

What’s the ocular manifestation of pituitary adenoma?

A

Tunnel vision (Bi-temporal visual field loss). Defect starts superior then spreads inferior

172
Q

____ is used for epilepsy surgical candidates and tumor biopsy

A

PET scans

173
Q

What is the order of thyroid tests? (wo/detail)

A

1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3
2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin
3 Thyroglobulin antibodies
4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies

174
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidsm?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis*
Insufficient Iodine dietary intake*
Congenital (birth) defects
Radiation treatments to the neck
Radioactive iodine used to treat hyperthroidism
Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland
Viral thyroiditis

175
Q

What is traumatic pneumocephalus?

A

Air moves to the subdural space from injury to a nasal sinus. This can cause cerebrospinal rhinorrhea?

176
Q

What does Huntington’s disease affect? What kind of inheritance?

A

Basal ganglia and cortex. Autosomal dominant

177
Q

MS: __% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. __% rapidly progress. __% mild to moderately symptomatic

A

20% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. 20% rapidly progress. 60% mild to moderately symptomatic

178
Q

What are the major signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A 
Heat intolerance
 Increased GI motility
 Weight loss
 Tachycardia
 Goiter (but more common in hypothyroidism)
179
Q

___% of cancers are primary brain tumors. are metastatic.

A

1.4% of cancers are primary brain tumors. Majority are metastatic….like from lung

180
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?

A 
Hypertension
 Headache
 Flushing
 Diaphoresis
 Tachycardia
 Heat intolerance
 Weight loss
181
Q

What can pinealoma cause?

A

Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome

182
Q

What is spastic Cerebral palsy?

A

Upper motor neuron damage. 70-80% of cases. Has hypertonic, tense muscles

183
Q

When should you call 911 for a seizure?

A

When it lasts for more than 10 minutes

184
Q

What is the ice-pack test?

A

Icepack decreases Ach-esterase, reliving symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. This can help diagnose MG

185
Q

What are the primary brain tumor types? What are the secondary brain tumor types?

A

Glioma (30%), meningioma (benign), pituitary adenoma (benign), and nerve sheath tumors. Secondary is from lung (48%), breast, urogenital, osteosarcoma

186
Q

Hypo/hyper thyroidism is more common than the other?

A

Hypothyroidism is more common

187
Q

Name disease: weakness that worsens with activity?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

188
Q

Which hormone is life-threatening if cut off?

A

ACTH because….

189
Q

Causes of bacterial meningitis? What complications can happen?

A

Strep. Pneumoniae*, Neisseria meningitides, H. influenzae type b. Hearing loss and brain damage

190
Q

What disease is more common in colder climates?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

191
Q

Riluzole treat’s what?

A

ALS

192
Q

blockage or destruction of ACh receptors is in what disease?

A

myasthenia gravis

193
Q

Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I can cause….

A

Bell’s palsy

Pathology II (9 decks)

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