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Pathology II > Path 2 after quiz 3 > Flashcards

Path 2 after quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some posterior seg manifestations of AIDS?

A

HIV retinopathy (cotton wool spots, asymptomatic) CMV retinitis (more common back in the day)

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2
Q

Risk factors:
Preexisting renal disorders
Dialysis

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

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3
Q

What is “liver breath”? What causes it?

A

Fetor hepaticus is found in liver failure

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4
Q

What kidney cancer happens usually at 50-70 years of age

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

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5
Q

What causes sudden depigmentation of skin?

A

Vitiligo

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6
Q

Large, Scaly, crusty, erythematous lesion can indicate…

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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7
Q

How Tx RA and Juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

A

Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Biologics
Anti-inflammatories
Exercise makes joints feel better (unlike in osteoarthritis)

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8
Q

How is life expectancy for HIV wo/ treatment?

A

Something like 40 years shorter

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9
Q

What are the effects of alcoholic liver injury?

A

Inflammation
Increased fat storage
Collagen synthesis
Neutrophil infiltration

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10
Q

Reactive arthritis is a type __ hypersensitivity.

A

Type III (Immune complex)

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11
Q 
RF
 Obesity*
 F>M
 Joint injury
 Repetitive motion
A

Osteoarthritis

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12
Q

What is the cause of hepatic jaundice?

A

Defective liver functioning
Viral hepatitis
Drug interference
Cirrhosis

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13
Q

Which viral hepatitis is bloodborne? Of the two, which is sexually transmitted?

A

HBV (sex) and HCV

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14
Q

What’s the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis is mechanical and can be localized, Rheumatoid is autoimmune (and can have (epi)scleritis, iritis, and PUK)

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15
Q

HIV Preferentially attacks _____

A

CD4+ TH1-cells

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16
Q

____ is most deadly skin cancer

A

Malignant melanoma

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17
Q

___ is the gold standard for measuring glomerular filtration rate because it’s completely filtered

A

Inulin

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18
Q

What are some cardiovascular complications from renal failure?

A

Hypertension
Accelerated atherosclerosis
Arrhythmias
Pericarditis

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19
Q

Melanocytes Are in the ___ layer of the skin

A

Basal

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20
Q

What are the most common causes of cirrhosis?

A

HCV, alcoholic liver disease, (both together), and cryptogenic cirrhosis make up 80%

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21
Q

____ can cause acute pancreatitis

A

50% of gallstones are related to acute pancreatitis

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22
Q

What is a Type IV hypersensitivity from?

A

Allergic contact dermatitis

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23
Q

What is the cause of prehepatic jaundice?

A

Excess bilirubin

Hemolytic anemia

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24
Q

When is HIV considered AIDS?

A

One of the following: CD4+ T-cell count

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25
Q

How is life expectancy for HIV w/ treatment?

A

Only 8 years shorter than normal

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26
Q 
Name liver injury cause:
 Inflammation
 Increased fat storage
 Collagen synthesis
 Neutrophil infiltration
A

Alcoholic liver injury

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27
Q

S&S:

Dry, elevated, and rounded erythematous plaques

A

Psoriasis

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28
Q 
S&S
 Fever
 Dysuria
 Bacteriuria
 Pyuria
A

UTI

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29
Q

What skin disease is more common in white men than other demographics?

A

Seborrheic Dermatitis

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30
Q

How dx gout?

A

See uric acid in urine, blood, and synovial fluid of joint

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31
Q

Neurofibromas are what?

A

Nerve sheath tumors

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32
Q 
S&S:
 Acne
 Rustules
 Rhinophyma (thick red nose, rare)
 Ocular manifestation In 33% of pts
A

Acne Rosacea

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33
Q

Herpes Zoster ophthalmicus affects what dermatome?

A

1st ophthalmic division of trigeminal ganglion

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34
Q

____ is the most common bladder cancer

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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35
Q

S&S

Aniridia

A 
Nephroblastoma. (black girl child cancer) Total S&S
 Palpable abdominal mass*
 Pain
 Hypertension
 Hematuria
 Aniridia
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36
Q

What renal disease is mostly in children?

A

Minimal change disease (also has facial edema)

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37
Q

_____ can cause increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Hepatitis B and C

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38
Q

Which hepatitis is the cause of half of the chronic liver disease in the US?

A

HCV

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39
Q

What are some ophthalmic manifestation of renal disease?

A

Ophthalmic Manifestations of Renal Disease
Band keratopathy
Posterior subcapsular cataract (from steroid use)
Renal Retinopathy
Elschnig spots
Non-rhegmatogenous Retinal detachment

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40
Q

What can be treated with Tar?

A

Psoriasis

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41
Q

Kidneys function at 10% normal level

A

End Stage Renal Disease

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42
Q

What are some Anterior seg manifestations of AIDS?

A

Molluscum contagiosum, shingles (ophthalmicus) Kaposi sarcoma (cancer via virus)

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43
Q

What is the most common complication of cirrhosis?

A

Ascites

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44
Q

What can liver failure cause in men?

A

Gynecomastia
Impotence
Testicular atrophy
Female hair distribution

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45
Q

Which viral hepatitis is found in developing countries (fecal-oral route)?

A

HAV, HEV

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46
Q

_____ nevi have indistinct borders

A

Dysplastic nevi

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47
Q

What causes inflamed, fused spine?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

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48
Q

What is the umbrella term for Athlete’s foot and tinea?

A

Cutaneous mycoses

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49
Q 
Palpable abdominal mass*
 Pain
 Hypertension
 Hematuria
 Aniridia
A

Nephroblastoma. (black girl child cancer)

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50
Q

What are some liver function tests? 6

A
  • Enzymes
  • Bilirubin
  • Proteins (esp albumin and plasma proteins)
  • Coagulation tests
  • Hepatitis virus antigens and antibodies
  • Autoimmune antibodies
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51
Q

What is the accumulation of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity?

A

Ascites. The most common cirrhosis complication

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52
Q 
S&S 
Lymphadenopathy 
Hairy leukoplakia, 
oral candidiasis 
Immunologic abnormalities
A

HIV early symptomatic phase

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53
Q

Virus + aspirin in children can cause…

A

Reye’s syndrome

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54
Q

_____ can cause chronic pancreatitis

A

60% related to alcoholism

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55
Q

Acute liver disease is associated with…

A

HAV (food) and HBV (blood and sex)

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56
Q

Which hepatitis virus often makes people carriers? Rarely?

A

Many become carriers with HCV. Few become carriers with HBV

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57
Q

What are the most common causes of death in AIDS?

A

Cytomegalovirus (cold) Mycobacterium avium complex

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58
Q

What is hepatolenticular degeneration?

A

“wilson disease” has a toxic accumulation of copper from an autosomal recessive disorder. Can cause Kayser-Fleischer rings

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59
Q

What causes Port-wine stain?

A

Sturge-weber syndrome

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60
Q

What is associated with Yeast infection, sebum, and autoimmune response?

A

Seborrheic Dermatitis

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61
Q

S&S: Vesicles, pustules, and yellowish crusts, Fever

A

Impetigo (it’s bacterial)

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62
Q

What contact dermatitis is more common?

A

Irritant CD from solvents / trauma, no sensitization required

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63
Q 
Name disease from these symptoms
 Jaundice
 Portal hypertension
 Ascites
 Fetor hepaticus
 Hypoalbuminemia
 Hypoglycemia
 Hyperammonemia
 Bleeding disorders
A

Hepatic failure

64
Q

Hepatitis B and C can cause increased risk of

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

65
Q

Which cancer happens often in children?

A

Nephroblastoma

66
Q

What is renal colic?

A

Pain associated with kidney stones

67
Q

Ocular man.:

Abnormal EOMs and Dry eye

A

Fibromyalgia

68
Q

What can cause splenomegaly?

A

Portal hypertension

69
Q

What ocular man. Is super common in Juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

A

Anterior uveitis

70
Q

What can liver failure cause in women?

A

Irregular menses
Palmar erythema
Spider telangiectasia

71
Q

S&S Musculoskeletal pain for more than 3 months, Pain, fatigue, lack of sleep, memory defects, no physical damage

A

Fibromyalgia

72
Q

What has uremia?

A

1 Chronic renal failure, which can lead to

2 End stage renal disease (10% kidney function)

73
Q

What is the most common hepatitis cause in the world?

A

HAV

74
Q

_____ is the final common end stage of many chronic liver diseases

A

Cirrhosis

75
Q

2nd most common kidney cancer

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

76
Q

In addition to CD4+ TH1 cells, what other cells does HIV affect?

A

Dendritic cells in mucosal tissue
Intestinal epithelium
Monocytes and macrophages in tissue (like lung brain)

77
Q 
S&S
 Proteinuria
 Low blood protein
 High blood lipids
 Edema
 "foamy urine"
A

Nephrotic syndrome

78
Q 
S&S:
 Fatigue
 Loss of appetite
 Headache
 Nausea
 Vomiting
A

Diabetic Nephropathy

79
Q 
What can cause:
 Scarring
 Thinning
 Neovascularization
 Vision loss
A

Recurrent Herpes Keratitis

80
Q

S&S

  • Stiffness in a joint after a period of immobility
  • Swelling in one or more joints; joint pain
  • Crunching feeling or the sound of bone rubbing on bone
A

Osteoarthritis

81
Q

___ can cause Verrucae vulgaris

A

HPV

82
Q

What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?

A

Acute Tubular Necrosis

83
Q

Name disease:
Benign and self-limited (supportive treatment)
Incubation period of 2–6 weeks
Fatalities are very rare
Oral-fecal contamination of water or food

A

HAV

84
Q

What are the causes of Nephrolithiasis?

A

Dehydration
Low urine volume
Abnormal pH
Infection

85
Q

Which medication is the primary cause of liver toxicity?

A

Tylenol (APAP)

86
Q

S&S
Hematuria*
Dysuria
Polyuria

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

87
Q

What renal disease has Azotemia and edema?

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis (immune complex in GBM). Acute renal failure only has Azotemia

88
Q

What are some problems of the pancreas?

A

Premature activation of protease enzymes
Obstruction of the common bile duct
Pancreatic malignancies

89
Q

S&S: Scaling, itching, flaking, erythematous patches

A

Seborrheic Dermatitis

90
Q

____ is the leading cause of death in young diabetics

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

91
Q

What renal disease is mostly in adults (not children)?

A

Membranous Glomerulonephritis

92
Q

What are the different Spondyloarthropathies?

A 
CRAP (more like CRAS ha)
 Crohn's
 Reactive arthritis (not rheum.)
 Ankylosing Spondylitis
 Psoriatic arthritis
93
Q

____ is most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell carcinoma

94
Q

S&S

  • Sudden pain usually in proximal joint of big toe
  • Edema and erythema
A

Gout

95
Q

S&S of this indicates:

Eruption of vesicles / burning at the tip of the nose

A

Herpes Zoster ophthalmicus

96
Q

What happens in chronic viral hepatitis?

A 
You have
 Enlarged, tender liver
 Splenomegaly
 Palmar erythema (red palm)
 Spider angiomas (on face)
97
Q

What can cause Acute Tubular Necrosis?

A 
Lack of blood (because of Vascular collapse)
 Toxins like
 Antibiotics
 Heavy metals
 x-ray contrast media
98
Q

CD4 T-count is lower than 200 uL. What HIV phase?

A

AIDS

99
Q

What is the difference in pre vs post exposure prophylaxis?

A

Pre is long-term dual medication

Post-is 28-day Antiretroviral therapy within 72 hours of exposure

100
Q

What can anterior uveitis indicate?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (and Spondyloarthropathy)

101
Q

_____ nevi have round, well-delineated borders.

A

Benign acquired nevi

102
Q

S&S

  • Inflammatory back pain
  • Enthesitis - tendon ligament joint capsule inflammation
  • Anterior uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease
A

Spondylarthropathies

103
Q 
S&S
 Hematuria
 Hypertension
 Azotemia
 Oliguria
 Edema
A

Acute Glomerulonephritis (immune complex in GBM)

104
Q

Palmar erythema and Spider angiomas are from what?

A

Chronic viral hepatitis

105
Q

Uremia is associated with what other diseases?

A

Urine in the blood is asso. With

HTN, Anemia, Edema, Oliguria (no urination)

106
Q

What some common AIDS diseases?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma (from Herpes HHV8) Burkitt’s lymphoma (EBV) Primary CNS lymphoma (EBV)

107
Q

What causes Café au lait spots?

A

Neurofibromatosis (type of Phakomatoses)

108
Q

Pearly or waxy lesion with an ulcerated center can indicate…

A

Basal cell carcinoma

109
Q

Lesion with peripheral scaling, central clearing indicates

A

Cutaneous mycoses

110
Q

Ocular symptoms:
Nystagmus
Lack of pigmentation of the fundi
Reduced acuity

A

Albinism

111
Q

What non-hepatitis viruses can cause hepatitis?

A

Cytomegalovirus, epstein-Barr virus

112
Q

What is Erythema?

A

Reddening of the skin

113
Q

___ albinism is x-linked

A

Ocular albinism

114
Q

Which hepatitis is very contagious?

A

HBV

115
Q

_____ is in 70% of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Alpha-fetoprotein

116
Q

Tx osteoarthritis?

A
  • Low impact exercise
  • Weight loss
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Joint replacement
117
Q

How are the blood concentrations in Azotemia?

A

Increased nitrogen and creatinine

118
Q

CD4 T-count is higher than 200 uL. What HIV phase?

A

Clinical latency (or acute phase)

119
Q 
S&S
 Hematuria*
 Weight loss
 Dull flank pain
 Palpable mass
A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

120
Q

What causes gout?

A

Uric acid buildup in any joint (because of decreased kidney clearance) causing episodes of painful joint inflammation

121
Q

Whare are 3 types of antiretroviral therapies?

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitor Integrase inhibitor Protease inhibitor

122
Q

What diseases are associated with Nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Minimal change disease (in children)
 Membranous Glomerulonephritis (in adults)
123
Q

Which arthritis affects Hands*, knees, shoulders?

Which arthritis affects Hands, Spine, *Knees, *Hips

A

Rheumatoid (autoimmune) esp hands

Osteoarthritis (cartilage break down) esp knees hips

124
Q

What causes Ash-leaf spots?

A

Tuberous sclerosis (type of Phakomatoses)

125
Q

That is the rule of thirds for

Membranous Glomerulonephritis?

A

Resolve, stabilize, End-stage renal disease

126
Q

What is angioedema?

A

rapid swelling of the skin from type I hypersensitivity (IgE)

127
Q

What can Dx with x ray?

A

X-ray lower spine for Ankylosing spondylitis

128
Q

How are bones implicated in renal failure?

A

There is bone pain from too much phosphate (and deficient blood Ca) causing excess parathyroid hormone that breaks down bone

129
Q

What renal disease is a type III hypersensitivity?

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis (immune complex go into GBM)

130
Q

What is the progression of alcoholic liver disease?

A 
1 Fatty change
 2 Acute hepatitis
3 Chronic hepatitis with portal fibrosis
 4 Cirrhosis
 5 Chronic liver failure
131
Q 
Tx \_\_\_ with :
 underlying disease management
 Diuretics
 Dialysis
 Transplant
A

Acute renal failure. Diuretics is unique tx

132
Q

What are some hematologic complications from renal failure?

A

Anemia from less erythropoietin, Coagulopathies from blood flow problems

133
Q

____% of US adults over 40 develop cholelithiasis

A

20% (these are gallstones)

134
Q

What are rough scaly skin patches (pre-cancerous)?

A

Actinic keratosis

135
Q

S&S

Palpable abdominal mass*

A 
Nephroblastoma. (black girl child cancer) Total S&S
 Palpable abdominal mass*
 Pain
 Hypertension
 Hematuria
 Aniridia
136
Q

Which lab tests can dx Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

*Rheumatoid factor, Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody Antinuclear antibody (ANA) (also in SLE) HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR4

137
Q

___ albinism is autosomal recessive

A

Oculocutaneous albinism

138
Q 
(disease) can cause cause
 Vascular collapse (shock)*
 Toxic damage to tubules
 Severe hemolysis
 Muscle disorders
 Acute vascular disease
 Urinary tract obstruction
A

Acute renal failure

139
Q

Name disease based on S&S
Burning/tingling sensation
Fluid-filled vesicles
Erythema

A

Herpes simplex virus

140
Q

Psoriasis, which causes

Dry, elevated, and rounded erythematous plaques, is from a disorder on gene ___

A

HLA-B27

141
Q

What are the primary causes of ESRD in US?

A

Diabetes, HTN

142
Q

___ can cause Squamous papilloma

A

HPV

143
Q

What is associated with

Pernicious anemia, Hyperthyroidism, or Diabetes

A

Vitiligo

144
Q

____ clearance rate is easier to measure than inulin

A

Creatine

145
Q

S&S: Papules, Pustules, Erythema

A

Acne Vulgaris

146
Q

Risk factors:
Smoking 50%
Occupational (Benzene)
Bladder irritation (catheter)

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

147
Q

Which HIV is in western africa?

A

HIV-2

148
Q

Which HIV is world-wide?

A

HIV-1

149
Q

Chronic pain of lower spine and buttocks Morning stiffness Bamboo spine (not flexible starts to curve)

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

150
Q

What is the cause of post hepatic jaundice?

A

Biliary obstruction
Gallstones
Pancreatic cancer

151
Q

Who does gout affect more?

A

Black men > white women

152
Q

What can HLA-B27 diagnose?

A

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and the Spondyloarthropathies
1. Crohn’s/ IBD asso spondyloarthropathies
2. Reactive Arthritis (type III hypersensitivity)
3 Ankylosing spondylitis (inflamed fused spine)
4 Psoriatic arthritis (scaly rash arthritis)

153
Q

What are the levels of albumin, glucose, and ammonia during hepatic failure?

A

Hypoalbuminemia
Hypoglycemia
Hyperammonemia

154
Q

What is the most common kidney stone type?

A

Calcium

155
Q

Most common cell in epidermis is ___in the ____ layer

A

Most common cell in epidermis is Keratinocytes in the basal layer

156
Q

What are the potential complications of pancreatitis?

A

Bleeding
Tissue damage
Infection may
Bloodborne distribution of digestive enzymes

157
Q

What is seronegative for RF and ANA?

A

Spondylarthropathies

Pathology II (9 decks)

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