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Pathology II > Patho quiz 1 > Flashcards

Patho quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

___Fibrillation is responsible for 25% of strokes

A

Atrial

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2
Q

Aphasia effects __% of stroke patients, half is self-limiting

A

40%

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3
Q

Difficulty with hand-eye coordination is from what lobe stroke?

A

Parietal

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4
Q

What is the most common heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease

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5
Q

Intimia injury, insudation, oxidation, foam cell (results in fatty streak, ____), fibrous plaque formation

A

atheroma/plaque

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6
Q

What is the target bp for treating HTN?

A

Less than 140/90

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7
Q

Which cardiomyopathy: degeneration leading to heart failure, either ischemic or non-ischemic.

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

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8
Q

Valve cannot close completely

A

Regurgitation

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9
Q

Which cardiomyopathy: most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young adults, reduced filling capacity

A

hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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10
Q

What are the most common causes of stroke in younger adults?

A

Trauma, oral contraceptives, pregnancy/postpartum

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11
Q

Acute pericarditis

A

Less than 6 weeks. Causes can be neoplasm, autoimmune, viral

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12
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

The inability to make fluid motion from images seen. Associated with parietal lobe damage

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13
Q

Which stroke type is more common?

A

ischemic

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14
Q

Cardiac Dysrhythmia

A

most important cause of death from MI, 85% of cases, often reversible

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15
Q

What are the USUAL symptoms of hypertension?

A

HTN Is usually asymptomatic!

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16
Q

Valve cannot open completely

A

Stenosis

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17
Q

What extra-axial hemorrhagic stroke is common in elderly and alcoholics?

A

Subdural

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18
Q

What percent obstruction is needed for critical stenosis? What percent obstruction makes blood flow bad even at rest?

A

70 to 75% obstruction. 90%

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19
Q

What valve problem can have ocular associations?

A

Mitral valve regurgitation

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20
Q

Issues with problem solving is from what lobe stroke?

A

Fontal

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21
Q

___% of HTN is secondary HTN

A

5-10%

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22
Q

Pericardial tamponade

A

Blood compresses heart outside of ruptured heart (myocardial rupture is rare, 1% of MI)

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23
Q

What can cause secondary hyperlipidemia?

A

Diabetes, thyroid/renal/liver dysfunction, Cushing’s syndrome….. ….Obesity, alcohol consumption, diet, and estrogen therapy

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24
Q

What is responsible for 80% of CVD?

A

Atherosclerosis

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25
Q

What is an atheroma formation? (aka plaque)

A

Accumulation lipids, degenerating foam cells, and collagen in the tunica intima

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26
Q

What are the DDX of TIA (transient ischemic attack)?

A

Migraines, seizures, similar episodes

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27
Q

____ fibrillation will quickly kill you

A

Ventricular

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28
Q

What are some systemic diseases that can cause pericardial inflammation?

A

Uremia, rheumatic fever, SLE, metastatic malignancies

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29
Q

What is the most important cause of death from MI?

A

Cardiac Dysrhythmia

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30
Q

Hearing problems is from what lobe stroke?

A

Temporal

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31
Q

Myocardial contractility and size of vascular compartment influences…

A

Strove v

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32
Q

Memory defects is from what lobe stroke?

A

Temporal

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33
Q

What stroke has a crescent shape?

A

Subdural stroke

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34
Q

Atherosclerosis can lead to

A

Ischemia , Thrombosis,

Embolism , Aneurysm

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35
Q

How common and fatal are hemorrhagic strokes?

A

20% common, 80% fatal

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36
Q

What are the different degenerative myocardial disorders?

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy, restrictive Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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37
Q

Which artery is the most common stroke site?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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38
Q

Organ damage from hypertension (7, 3 for heart)

A

Retinopathy, Left ventricular hypertrophy, Coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, peripheral arterial disease, strokes

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39
Q

What are the causes of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

HTN!!!! Aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (skipping capillaries), and trauma

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40
Q

What are elevated blood indicators for MI?

A

Total creatine kinase and cardiac creatine kinase, cardiac troponin

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41
Q

Subendocardial MI

A

Not full thickness, non-overlapping arteries are at risk

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42
Q

Insudation

A

lipids enter the wall of the damaged vessel, LDL filters into the intima

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43
Q

140/90 to 159/99 is

A

Stage 1 hypertension. 140/90 is the goal for HTN treatment

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44
Q

Dysarthria is from left or right hemisphere stroke?

A

Left

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45
Q

160/100 to 179/109

A

Stage 2 hypertension

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46
Q

Vertigo is from what lobe stroke?

A

Occipital

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47
Q

What are the 3 intrinsic factors of blood pressure?

A

Heart rate, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance

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48
Q

What supplies the anterior 3/5 of brain?

A

Internal carotids

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49
Q

Difficulty recognizing drawn objects is from what lobe stroke?

A

Occipital

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50
Q

Chronic pericarditis

A

More than 6 months. Causes from TB, idiopathic.

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51
Q

Effects of infective endocarditis?

A

Valve destruction (murmurs) or perforation, Bacteremia, Septic emboli, Immune complexes

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52
Q

Cardiovascular disease is the leading for ___ and ___

A

Morbidity and mortality

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53
Q

Women get HTN (earlier/later) in life

A

Later

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54
Q

Intimia injury, insudation, oxidation, foam cell (results in fatty streak, atheroma/plaque),______

A

fibrous plaque formation

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55
Q

Causes and manifestations of coronary heart disease?

A

Caused by atherosclerosis, results in angina pectoris and MI

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56
Q

What can cause oxidative stress in the brain?

A

Excess glutamate, intracellular Ca, and reperfusion injury (mitochondrial dysfunction)

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57
Q

Having a foramen ovale puts people at increased risk for what?

A

Stroke

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58
Q

What can hypertensive retinopathy lead to?

A

Increased stroke, decreased vision, deduction of retinal blood flow. “there are characteristic changes with chronic htn retinopathy”

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59
Q

What is more common, primary or secondary hyperlipidemia?

A

Secondary

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60
Q

What is artery dissection?

A

Tear causes blood to run through wrong layer creating a “valve”

61
Q

Women can suddenly develop HTN during ___

A

3rd trimester of pregnancy

62
Q

What extra-axial hemorrhagic stroke is common in trauma and can cause papilledema in the eye and headaches?

A

Subarachnoid

63
Q

What are the two most common valve problems?

A

Mitral valve prolapse, aortic valve stenosis

64
Q

From most common to least common, list ischemic stroke causes:

A

Thrombotic (35%), embolic, lacunar, dissection (5%)

65
Q

Which cardiomyopathy: reduced filling capacity, heart becomes less elastic

A

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

66
Q

Symptoms (variable): Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Back pain, Numbness/weakness, Change in vision, Difficulty speaking*

A

hypertensive emergency

67
Q

_____, insudation, oxidation, foam cell (results in fatty streak, atheroma/plaque), fibrous plaque formation

A

Intimia injury

68
Q

What hemorrhagic stroke type is associated with Berry aneurysms?

A

Intra-axial (inside brain tissue)

69
Q

What part of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis first involves macrophages?

A

Oxidation

70
Q

Numbers are hypertensive crisis?

A

> 180 / >110

71
Q

What can cause primary hyperlipidemia?

A

All familial: high LDL, high TG, or both

72
Q

Cholesterol is Necessary for production of (4)

A

Cell membranes, Steroid hormones, Vitamin D, Bile acids

73
Q

What stroke has a lenticular shape?

A

Epidural stroke

74
Q

Inability to plan or sequence is from what lobe stroke?

A

Frontal

75
Q

Difficulty reading/writing/calculating is from left or right hemisphere stroke?

A

Left

76
Q

What is the #4 cause of death in the US?

A

Stroke

77
Q

___-side failure typically causes ___-side failure

A

Left-side failure typically causes right-side failure

78
Q

Intimia injury, _____, oxidation, foam cell (results in fatty streak, atheroma/plaque), fibrous plaque formation

A

insudation

79
Q

Difficulty reading is from what lobe stroke?

A

Parietal

80
Q

Intimia injury, insudation, ______, foam cell (results in fatty streak, atheroma/plaque), fibrous plaque formation

A

oxidation

81
Q

Altered sexual drive is from what lobe stroke?

A

Temporal

82
Q

What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

A

Intimia injury, insudation, oxidation, foam cell (results in fatty streak, atheroma/plaque), fibrous plaque formation

83
Q

120/80 to 139/89 is

A

Prehypertension. 140/90 is the goal for HTN treatment

84
Q

Prosopagnosia is from what lobe stroke?

A

Temporal

85
Q

CO =

A

Stroke v * HR

86
Q

Note: Increased pressure damages endothelium, angiotensin II contraction allow plasma to leak into interendothelial spaces = necrosis

A

1234

87
Q

Sensory defects is from what lobe stroke?

A

Parietal

88
Q

____ fibrillation more common than _____

A

Atrial fibrillation more common than ventricular

89
Q

How can stress and caffeine affect essential HT?

A

It can cause homeostatic recalibration, causing too much sympathetic activity

90
Q

What’s a fatty streak?

A

A lesion from foam cell aggregates– a precursor to a plaque/atheroma

91
Q

Core is less than __% blood flow

A

15

92
Q

What is the rule of thirds?

A

A third of stroke patients: recover with no/minimal disability, recover with residual disability, and die

93
Q

Akinetopsia is from what lobe stroke?

A

Parietal

94
Q

What numbers are desired BP?

A

90/60 to 120/80

95
Q

CO * Peripheral resistance =

A

Arterial pressure

96
Q

What supplies posterior 2/5th of brain, cerebellum, and brainstem?

A

Vertebral arteries

97
Q

What is a watershed area?

A

The areas that are most at risk for stroke (no redundancy)

98
Q

What are the most common bacteria in infective endocarditis?

A

Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

99
Q

Visual field defects is from what lobe stroke?

A

Occipital

100
Q

Atherosclerosis is responsible for __% of CVD

A

80

101
Q

What is the criteria for hypertensive urgency?

A

Greater than 180/110 with no end organ damage

102
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is from what lobe stroke?

A

Temporal

103
Q

Aggressive behavior is from what lobe stroke?

A

Temporal (although I would think frontal also)

104
Q

What extra-axial hemorrhagic stroke commonly affects the middle meningeal artery?

A

Epidural

105
Q

What are cotton wool spots?

A

Swelling of axons in the nerve fiber layer

106
Q

Mexican Americans have lower/higher rates of HTN

A

Lower

107
Q

What are the ocular manifestation of hyperlipidemia?

A

Arcus, xanthelasma, lipemia retinalis

108
Q

Trouble with frontal eye fields is from what lobe stroke?

A

Frontal

109
Q

What’s the number one way to prevent stroke?

A

Control hypertension

110
Q

Atherosclerosis is injury to the ____

A

Intima (and endothelium)

111
Q

95% of HTN cases are what type of HTN?

A

Essential (Primary) HTN

112
Q

What numbers are hypotension?

A

lower than 90/60

113
Q

Heart valve order?

A

Tri pul mi aorta

114
Q

Total cholesterol (TC) of ___ mg/dl regresses atherosclerosis

A

70 mg/dl or lower

115
Q

Diplopia is common in what strokes?

A

Brainstem and occipital

116
Q

Difficulty drawing objects is from what lobe stroke?

A

Parietal

117
Q

Difficulty reading/writing is from what lobe stroke?

A

Occipital

118
Q

Stroke v * HR =

A

CO

119
Q

Can have ___-side failure without ___-side failure

A

Can have right-side failure without left-side failure

120
Q

Total cholesterol (TC) of ___ mg/dl increases risk for CVD

A

160 mg / dl or higher

121
Q

Inability to name an object is from what lobe stroke?

A

Parietal

122
Q

___ is the Most common reason for hospitalization for those over 65

A

Heart failure

123
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

It’s an Adrenal tumor that secretes vasoconstrictive hormones

124
Q

paralysis is from what lobe stroke?

A

Frontal

125
Q

Which stroke type is more fatal?

A

Hemorrhagic

126
Q

What is hemispatial neglect?

A

Not a vision problem; inability to attend to one side of world

127
Q

which heart problem is an issue in developing countries?

A

Rheumatic heart disease

128
Q

What are the percentages of normal blood flow experienced in an ischemic core vs penumbra?

A

Core is less than 15%, penumbra is 15-40%

129
Q

Broca’s aphasia is from what lobe stroke?

A

Frontal

130
Q

What is the criteria for hypertensive emergency?

A

Greater than 180/110 WITH end organ damage

131
Q

What’s a foam cell?

A

swollen macrophages that eat fat

132
Q

penumbra is ___% blood flow

A

15-40

133
Q

What are the symptoms of artery dissections?

A

Headache or neck pain, Horner’s syndrome, Transient vision loss, Ischemic stroke

134
Q

How common and fatal are ischemic strokes?

A

80% common, 40% fatal

135
Q

Intimia injury, insudation, oxidation, foam cell (results in _____, atheroma/plaque), fibrous plaque formation

A

fatty streak

136
Q

What’s the minimum HDL level you want?

A

40 mg /dl or higher. This is good cholesterol

137
Q

Note CHD risk factors:

A

Smoking, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Obesity, High alcohol consumption, Sedentary lifestyle, Family history of heart disease, Type A personality

138
Q

90/60 to 120/80 is

A

Desired BP

139
Q

Intimia injury, insudation, oxidation,_____ (results in fatty streak, atheroma/plaque), fibrous plaque formation

A

foam cell

140
Q

Rheumatic heart disease

A

5-15 years old, type II hypersensitivity to group A strep

141
Q

Symptoms: Severe headache, Shortness of breath , Nosebleeds, Severe anxiety

A

hypertensive urgency

142
Q

Arterial pressure=

A

CO * Peripheral resistance

143
Q

What complications result from Hypertensive heart disease? 5

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy, Myocardial ischemia, coronary artery disease, cardiac dysrhythmia, heart failure

144
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms for HF?

A

Increased sympathetic, vasoconstriction, myocardial hypertrophy, renin-angiotensin mech

145
Q

Transmural MI

A

Occlusion of a major coronary artery and Affects complete thickness of heart wall

146
Q

Among long-term stroke survivors….

A

71% are work-impaired, 31% require daily assistance, 20% need help walking, 16% live permanently in nursing homes

147
Q

Spatial disorientation is from left or right hemisphere stroke?

A

Right

148
Q

What is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)?

A

It’s a one time IV treatment for acute ischemic stroke used within 3 hours of stroke). Dissolves clot, but can cause hemorrhaging

149
Q

Roles of pericardium:

A

Holds heart, helps regulate pressure and rate, first line defense. The fluid is cushion and lubricant

Pathology II (9 decks)

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