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Pathology II > Path II quiz 2 > Flashcards

Path II quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Glasgow coma scale include?

A

Eye opening, motor response, verbal response

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2
Q

Name disease: Headache, Confusion, Lightheadedness, Dizziness, Blurred vision or tired eyes, Ringing in the ears, Bad taste in the mouth, Fatigue or lethargy, A change in sleep patterns, Behavioral or mood changes: Memory, concentration, or attention problems

A

Mild TBI

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3
Q

Reversed

Upward gaze deficit due to involvement of vertical gaze centers in dorsal midbrain (sup colliculus). Symptoms: diplopia, difficulty looking up Signs: lid retraction, defective upgaze, convergence retraction nystagmus, mydriasis with light near dissociation, papilledema Causes: *pinealomas, *hydrocephalus, CVA, MS, trauma

A

What is Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome? What are the sign’s sympoms?What’s the cause?

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4
Q

Reversed

Woman bleeds too much in childbirth causing a stroke of the pituitary

A

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

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5
Q

Reversed

Muscle relaxants, Anticonvulsant drugs, Orthopedic surgery / appliances

A

How do you treat cerebral palsy?

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6
Q

Reversed

Life-threatening low cortisol causing liver dysfunction and low sugar and low aldosterone causes excessive water and Na loss causing low bp, shock, and coma/death.

A

What is an addisonian crisis?

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7
Q

Reversed

Concentration and receptors: specificity (fit), affinity (strength), and number

A

What determines hormonal potency?

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8
Q

Diabetes insipidus is a lack of what?

A

ADH

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9
Q

Reversed

Normal pressure but abnormal CSF volume

A

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

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10
Q

Reversed

Primary hyperaldosteronism

A

Conn’s Disease is from….

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11
Q

What are the ocular manifestation of Parkinson’s?

A

Decreased blink rate, blepharospasm, decreased convergence amplitudes.

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12
Q

What symptoms of Alzheimer’s are early vs. late stage?

A

Early is memory loss and disorientation, Late is motor loss and aphasia.

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13
Q

Reversed

-Autoimmune response causing thyroid damage -Most common cause of hypothyroidism* Middle aged individuals Females:Males 10:1 Signs and symptoms -Low serum T4 -Elevated TSH levels -Myxedema -Goiter

A

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? What are the signs and symptoms?

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14
Q

Reversed

Huntington’s disease. Chorea is involuntary writhing movements.

A

Chorea is a symptom of what?

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15
Q

Reversed

myasthenia gravis

A

blockage or destruction of ACh receptors is in what disease?

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16
Q

Reversed

Dizziness, loss of vision/hearing, weakness, pallor, clammy skin, nausea.

A

What are symptoms of syncope prodrome?

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17
Q

Reversed

Antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptor sites causing weakness. Affects women more than men

A

What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? Demographics?

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18
Q

Name disease: Muscle spasms, Pain, Slurred speech, Blindness, Paralysis, Cognitive decline

A

Late symptoms of MS

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19
Q

Reversed

Early symptoms of MS

A

Name disease: Numbness or tingling, Unexplained weakness or Fatigue, Double vision, Decreased acuity

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20
Q

What is a myelogram? What does it detect?

A

A neurologic test that is a dye to detect spinal tumor, Herniated disks, Vascular malformations, CSF leaks

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21
Q

____ is used for epilepsy surgical candidates and tumor biopsy

A

PET scans

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22
Q

Reversed

….prevents the growth of tumors

A

VHL …..

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23
Q

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the risk factors of ALS?

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of upper and motor neurons. Affects men more than women. Weakness and wasting of extremities, paralysis. Does not affect personality or eyesight. Smoking, lead exposure, military service are risk factors.

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24
Q

What is concussion vs contusion?

A

Concussion is diffuse, microscopic damage (that probably won’t show on MRI). Contusion is brain bruise, localized macroscopic damage (causing edema, increased ICP, and hemorrhage)

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25
Q

Reversed

Adrenal adenoma Adrenal carcinoma Ectopic ACTH (cancer) Exogenous steroid use*.

A

What can cause Excessive level of cortisol? (Cushing syndrome)

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26
Q

Reversed

Primary adrenal insufficiency (not enough cortisol/aldosterone release). 80% are auto-immune destruction of adrenal gland. Diagnose with ACTH stimulation test or presence of anti-adrenal antibodies.

A

What is Addison’s disease? What causes Addison’s disease? How diagnose?

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27
Q

Reversed

ADH

A

Diabetes insipidus is a lack of what?

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28
Q

What’s the tx of pituitary adenoma?

A

Surgery or medication (to reduce hormone level in blood)

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29
Q

What is the most common cause of adult pituitary dysfunction?

A

Pituitary adenoma.

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30
Q

Reversed

Communicating, excess CSF can exit but there is reabsorption problem, non-communicating is where there is an obstruction

A

What is communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus?

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31
Q

Pineal gland produces ____

A

Meletonin

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32
Q

Reversed

Ach-esterase inhibitor, thymectomy, plasmapheresis (remove offending auto-antibodies)

A

How do you treat Myasthenia Gravis?

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33
Q

1st and 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in children?

A

1st Leukemia, 2nd is brain tumors.

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34
Q

What is cerebral angiography?

A

Injection of contrast through the femoral artery. Visualize the cerebral arteries and assess for lesions

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35
Q

How can you tell difference between malignant and benign tumors?

A

Malignant has inflammation and edema, starts to distort the brain tissue.

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36
Q

What can be the cause of a constant runny nose?

A

Traumatic pneumocephalus. CSF leaks out of nose

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37
Q

How does Alzheimer’s affect genders?

A

Women more than men

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38
Q

Name disease: Memory loss, Confusion, Aggression, Depression, Dementia, Impulse control problems

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

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39
Q

What can cause Excessive level of cortisol? (Cushing syndrome)

A

Adrenal adenoma Adrenal carcinoma Ectopic ACTH (cancer) Exogenous steroid use*.

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40
Q

What is the 1st and 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorders?

A

Alzheimer’s (1) and Parkinson’s (2)

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41
Q

Reversed

1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin aka: TSH-Receptor AB (+) in Grave’s Disease (90+%) 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (+) in Grave’s Disease 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (95%) (+) in Grave’s Disease (50-75%)

A

What is the order of thyroid tests? (detail)

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42
Q

Reversed

Arylsulfatase (affects white matter)

A

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a deficiency in the activity of ___

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43
Q

Reversed

diffuse axonal injury

A

What can rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury cause?

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44
Q

Addison’s Disease is from…

A

Low cortisol and/or low aldosterone

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45
Q

What is non-spastic cerebral palsy?

A

Damage outside of pyramidal tracts. 20% of cases. Hypotensicity and ataxia.

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46
Q

Reversed

Tunnel vision (Bi-temporal visual field loss). Defect starts superior then spreads inferior

A

What’s the ocular manifestation of pituitary adenoma?

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47
Q

Tx of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

A

Plasmapheresis (separating antibodies), IV immunoglobulin (removes auto-antibodies), Supportive, Spontaneous recovery (usually)

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48
Q

Reversed

Mild TBI

A

Name disease: Headache, Confusion, Lightheadedness, Dizziness, Blurred vision or tired eyes, Ringing in the ears, Bad taste in the mouth, Fatigue or lethargy, A change in sleep patterns, Behavioral or mood changes: Memory, concentration, or attention problems

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49
Q

What is graves disease?

A

Excess secretion of thyroid hormone because of antibody that stimulates TSH receptor. It is most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease

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50
Q

Purpose of CSF?

A

Buoyancy, Protection, Chemical stability, Prevention of brain ischemia (if BP falls, CSF production can also fall to facilitate blood flow)

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51
Q

Cushing disease vs syndrome….

A

Cushing Disease is excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH; adenoma More common in women. Cushing Syndrome is excessive level of cortisol

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52
Q

Reversed

20% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. 20% rapidly progress. 60% mild to moderately symptomatic

A

MS: __% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. __% rapidly progress. __% mild to moderately symptomatic

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53
Q

What is diagnosis of ALS? Treatment?

A

EMG, Nerve conduction studies, MRI, Serum laboratory testing. Tx Riluzole (glutamate inhibitor).

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54
Q

MRIs are good for…

A

Soft tissue, safety (not ionizing)

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55
Q

Reversed

Addison’s

A

Lack of ACTH causes what?

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56
Q

Name disease: Muscle Spasms, Poor balance, Frequent falls, Inability to walk, Drooping eyelids, Scoliosis, Joint contractures, Restrictions of mobility, Respiratory difficulty*, Arrhythmias, Cardiomyopathy

A

Muscular Dystrophy

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57
Q

MS: __% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. __% rapidly progress. __% mild to moderately symptomatic

A

20% asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic after diagnosis. 20% rapidly progress. 60% mild to moderately symptomatic

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58
Q

What are the demyelinating diseases?

A

Leukodystrophy, MS, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome

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59
Q

Reversed

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Name disease: Diplopia, Ptosis, Mask-like facial expression, Dysphagia, Weak voice

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60
Q

Thyroid hormones affect the cell in ____

A

The nucleus (the drug is lipophilic)

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61
Q

Coup vs contrecoup

A

Coup is head struck, contrecoup is rebound on opposite side of skull.

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62
Q

Name disease: weakness that worsens with activity?

A

Myasthenia Gravis

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63
Q

What are sunset eyes?

A

The eyes bulge in pediatric hydrocephalus, causing white of eye to be shown in upper eye.

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64
Q

Why do you want to taper steroid use?

A

To avoid Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)

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65
Q

Reversed

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Cataracts can happen in what disease?

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66
Q

What is hyperacusis a symptom of?

A

Bell’s palsy

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67
Q

What is Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

Woman bleeds too much in childbirth causing a stroke of the pituitary

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68
Q

Reversed

Muscle cramps and spasm** Brittle nails Dry hair Dry, scaly skin Abdominal pain Paresthesia Seizures

A

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

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69
Q

What are the ocular manifestations of Hypothyroidism?

A

1 *Eyebrows; Outer 1/3 missing 2 SLK (superior conj injection) ~50% cases have thyroid issues 3 Exophthalmos (but more common with hyperthyroidism)

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70
Q

Reversed

Injection of contrast through the femoral artery. Visualize the cerebral arteries and assess for lesions

A

What is cerebral angiography?

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71
Q

Riluzole treat’s what?

A

ALS

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72
Q

Reversed

Glasgow coma scale.

A

What is the gold standard for evaluating acute brain injury?

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73
Q

Reversed

Early sign of increased cranial pressure, Brain tumors

A

Papilledema can indicate what?

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74
Q

Reversed

Endothelial tight junctions and Thickened basement membrane

A

What causes reduced capillary permeability in the BBB?

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75
Q

___% of cancers are primary brain tumors. are metastatic.

A

1.4% of cancers are primary brain tumors. Majority are metastatic….like from lung

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76
Q

Reversed

1 *Eyebrows; Outer 1/3 missing 2 SLK (superior conj injection) ~50% cases have thyroid issues 3 Exophthalmos (but more common with hyperthyroidism)

A

What are the ocular manifestations of Hypothyroidism?

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77
Q

Which Leukodystrophy is x-linked?

A

Adrenoleukodystrophy

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78
Q

Reversed

Parathyroid hormone by parathyroid

A

Low Ca causes secretion of ____ by ____

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79
Q

Early 3 and late 4 Signs and Symptoms of Increased intracranial pressure:

A

Early: Vomiting, Headache, Papilledema. Late: Bradycardia, HTN, Respiratory changes, Herniation

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80
Q

Reversed

Bell’s palsy

A

Inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve is…

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81
Q

What are the early and signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

A

Foreign body sensation Redness Tearing Photophobia Morning puffiness of the eyelids

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82
Q

Partial Simple seizures symptoms

A

Have no loss of awareness and have limited symptoms

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83
Q

Reversed

Concussion is diffuse, microscopic damage (that probably won’t show on MRI). Contusion is brain bruise, localized macroscopic damage (causing edema, increased ICP, and hemorrhage)

A

What is concussion vs contusion?

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84
Q

blockage or destruction of ACh receptors is in what disease?

A

myasthenia gravis

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85
Q

What is the order of thyroid tests? (detail)

A

1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin aka: TSH-Receptor AB (+) in Grave’s Disease (90+%) 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (+) in Grave’s Disease 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies (+) in Hashimoto’s Disease (95%) (+) in Grave’s Disease (50-75%)

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86
Q

Reversed

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

Name disease: Memory loss, Confusion, Aggression, Depression, Dementia, Impulse control problems

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87
Q

What is Thyroid eye disease? What age typically?

A

50-70% “thyroid stare” in Graves Disease *Most common cause of proptosis and diplopia in adults Also occurs in hypothyroidism, not just hyper 6% of patients are euthyroid

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88
Q

Reversed

The thyroid eye disease in Grave’s disease.

A

What is the most common cause of proptosis and diploipa in adults?

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89
Q

Reversed

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Name disease: weakness that worsens with activity?

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90
Q

Reversed

Showing function rather than structural.

A

PETs are good for….

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91
Q

What are the ocular complications of Cushing Syndrome?

A

Cataracts Steroid-response glaucoma Visual field defects (if they have adenoma) Microvascular retinopathy (DM because cortisol increase blood sugar) Central serous choroidopathy (leaky RPE causes swelling)

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92
Q

Reversed

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

Which Leukodystrophy is x-linked?

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93
Q

Reversed

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain from Accumulation of tau protein in neurons. From repeated brain injury.

A

What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?

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94
Q

What are the neurologic tests for brain tumors?

A

Myelogram

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95
Q

Reversed

x-linked early onset (3-5 years). Absence of dystrophin. Pseudohypertrophy (muscle replaced with fat). Death by early 30s

A

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

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96
Q

Reversed

Acute, idiopathic autoimmune polyneuritis of the PNS because of disrupted myelin sheaths. Paralysis starts in the legs and moves up. The cause is an autoimmune response triggered from GI/respiration infection.

A

What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome? What is the cause?

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97
Q

Reversed

Plasmapheresis (separating antibodies), IV immunoglobulin (removes auto-antibodies), Supportive, Spontaneous recovery (usually)

A

Tx of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

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98
Q

Reversed

High cortisol

A

Cushing’s Syndrome is from…

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99
Q

Reversed

Usually only once

A

How often does Bell’s palsy happen?

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100
Q

Reversed

Has hypertonic, tense muscles from Upper motor neuron damage. 70-80% of cases of CP

A

What is spastic Cerebral palsy?

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101
Q

Reversed

Surgery or medication (to reduce hormone level in blood)

A

What’s the tx of pituitary adenoma?

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102
Q

Reversed

Asymptomatic (50%) *Osteoporosis *Subperiosteal absorption (bone indentation) Polyuria and polydipsia Constipation Weakness and fatigue Myalgias Cognitive impairment

A

What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?

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103
Q

Reversed

Foreign body sensation Redness Tearing Photophobia Morning puffiness of the eyelids

A

What are the early and signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

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104
Q

How is Huntington’s diagnosed?

A

MRI

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105
Q

Reversed

Heat intolerance Increased GI motility Weight loss Tachycardia Goiter (but more common in hypothyroidism)

A

What are the major signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

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106
Q

Name disease: Numbness or tingling, Unexplained weakness or Fatigue, Double vision, Decreased acuity

A

Early symptoms of MS

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107
Q

Which EOMS are more likely to be affected

A

IM SLO. Inferior is the most affected

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108
Q

Reversed

Pituitary adenoma.

A

What is the most common cause of adult pituitary dysfunction?

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109
Q

What does Huntington’s disease affect? What kind of inheritance?

A

Basal ganglia and cortex. Autosomal dominant

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110
Q

What is the Dx, Tx, and complications of Hyperthyroidism?

A

Diagnosis -Thyroid scan -Serum TSH -Thyroid-stimulating Ig Treatment -Anti-thyroid medications -Radioactive iodine treatment -Surgery Complications -Atrial fibrillation -Osteoporosis -Thyroid eye disease -Edematous and erythematous skin -Thyrotoxic crisis

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111
Q

What is Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? What are the signs and symptoms?

A

-Autoimmune response causing thyroid damage -Most common cause of hypothyroidism* Middle aged individuals Females:Males 10:1 Signs and symptoms -Low serum T4 -Elevated TSH levels -Myxedema -Goiter

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112
Q

Reversed

Lysosomal storage disease, inherited metabolic disorder. Systemically it can affect neurons, too.

A

Tay-Sachs disease is what type?

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113
Q

Low vitamin D or light can cause ___in children or ____ in adults

A

“Rickets” in children “Osteomalacia” in adults

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114
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is what type?

A

Lysosomal storage disease, inherited metabolic disorder. Systemically it can affect neurons, too.

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115
Q

Causes of viral meningitis? 6

A

Enteroviruses, HSV 2, Varicella zoster, Mumps, Influenza, HIV

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116
Q

Reversed

Idiopathic, Stroke, Dementia, TBI, Infections, Tumors, Congenital defect or perinatal brain injury

A

What are the causes of epilepsy?

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117
Q

Reversed

Have no loss of awareness and have limited symptoms

A

Partial Simple seizures symptoms

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118
Q

Reversed

Eye opening, motor response, verbal response

A

What does the Glasgow coma scale include?

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119
Q

What can cause osteoporosis?

A

Hyperthyroidism causes excess calictonin which breaks down bone

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120
Q

Reversed

Grave’s disease

A

What is most commonly associated with Thyroid Eye Disease?

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121
Q

What is the most common cause of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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122
Q

Reversed

Acromegaly is excess growth hormone after bones have fused, affects cartilaginous growth. Symptoms: Increased ring or shoe size, Enlarged facial features and skin tags, Increased size of internal organs, Deepening of the voice. Dx via MRI and GH suppression test. Tx medication or surgery

A

Acromegaly vs gigantism? Acromegaly symptoms? How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly?

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123
Q

___% of MS patients have ocular symptoms

A

66% (optic neuritis)

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124
Q

Reversed

Treat with oral ADH. The pee is too dilute

A

How do you treat diabetes insipidus?

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125
Q

What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

Normal pressure but abnormal CSF volume

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126
Q

What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Bronchopneumonia

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127
Q

What is Addison’s disease? What causes Addison’s disease? How diagnose?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency (not enough cortisol/aldosterone release). 80% are auto-immune destruction of adrenal gland. Diagnose with ACTH stimulation test or presence of anti-adrenal antibodies.

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128
Q

Reversed

Bell’s palsy

A

Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I can cause….

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129
Q

What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland?

A

It regulates the basal metabolic rate.

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130
Q

What is the ice-pack test?

A

Icepack decreases Ach-esterase, reliving symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. This can help diagnose MG

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131
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidsm?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis* Insufficient Iodine dietary intake* Congenital (birth) defects Radiation treatments to the neck Radioactive iodine used to treat hyperthroidism Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland Viral thyroiditis

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132
Q

Reversed

Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin atrophy, collagen breakdown causing “Stretch marks”, facial hair growth

A

What are the common symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

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133
Q

Reversed

Traumatic pneumocephalus. CSF leaks out of nose

A

What can be the cause of a constant runny nose?

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134
Q

What thyroid hormone is more plentiful?

A

T4 is more plentiful than T3

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135
Q

Reversed

F > M

A

What is thyroid disease gender ratio?

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136
Q

What are the symptoms of Tay-Sach’s disease? At what age does it start?

A

Motor development delay, Flaccid paralysis, Mental impairment, Blindness, Death. Starts at 6 months of age.

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137
Q

Which hormone is life-threatening if cut off?

A

ACTH because….

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138
Q

Reversed

Cataracts Steroid-response glaucoma Visual field defects (if they have adenoma) Microvascular retinopathy (DM because cortisol increase blood sugar) Central serous choroidopathy (leaky RPE causes swelling)

A

What are the ocular complications of Cushing Syndrome?

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139
Q

Reversed

Large head size, Seizures, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Blurred/Double Vision, BALANCE /Gait problem, INCONTINENCE. Treat it with a shunt

A

What are the signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus? How do you treat it?

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140
Q

Name disease: Resting tremors, Mask-like expression, Slow, quiet speech, Shuffling gait, Stooped posture, Rigid muscles

A

Parkinson’s disease

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141
Q

Reversed

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of upper and motor neurons. Affects men more than women. Weakness and wasting of extremities, paralysis. Does not affect personality or eyesight. Smoking, lead exposure, military service are risk factors.

A

What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis? What are the clinical manifestations? What are the risk factors of ALS?

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142
Q

T4 and T4 is stored in the ____ and there is a storage that can last for _____ months

A

Colloid and can last for 2-3 months

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143
Q

What is Pituitary Apoplexy? Most common causes? Symptoms (2 important ones)?

A

Pituitary apoplexy is vascular damage to the pituitary. Causes: *Pituitary adenoma, Pregnancy, Postpartum hemorrhage, Sickle-cell, DM, Shock Trauma. SYMPTOMS: headache, syncope, blurred vision, *ophthalmoplegia (double vision), *visual field defects, death possible (adrenal insufficiency, hypotension/hypoglycemia/SAH)

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144
Q

Reversed

Neck surgery* Autoimmune disease Radiation Tx of thyroid Inherited disorders Men=women Tx: Calcium carbonate and Vitamin D

A

What can cause hypoparathyroisism? How is gender ratio? How tx?

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145
Q

What are the adrenal disorders?

A

Cushing’s Syndrome, Addison’s Disease, Conn’s Disease, Pheochromocytoma

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146
Q

VHL …..

A

….prevents the growth of tumors

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147
Q

Lack of ACTH causes what?

A

Addison’s

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148
Q

Reversed

ACTH because….

A

Which hormone is life-threatening if cut off?

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149
Q

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

A

2 or more unprovoked seizures typically required for diagnosis

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150
Q

TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates the ____ to make _____

A

thyroid to make T4 and T3

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151
Q

Reversed

A neurologic test that is a dye to detect spinal tumor, Herniated disks, Vascular malformations, CSF leaks

A

What is a myelogram? What does it detect?

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152
Q

Reversed

Dramatic loss of consciousness, Tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities, Incontinence, Amnesia of the event

A

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures symptoms

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153
Q

What is diffuse axonal injury?

A

Rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury that’s on a microscopic level. Lesions develop in white matter that degrade after trauma.

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154
Q

Reversed

Car accidents, falls, assaults

A

What are most common causes of head injuries?

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155
Q

Reversed

When it lasts for more than 10 minutes

A

When should you call 911 for a seizure?

156
Q

Name disease: Persistent or progressive headache, Repeated vomiting or nausea, Convulsions or seizures, An inability to awaken from sleep, Dilation of one or both pupils, Slurred speech, Weakness or numbness in the extremities, Loss of coordination; Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation

A

Severe TBI. Also includes mild TBI symptoms

157
Q

Partial complex seizures symptoms

A

Loss of awareness, automatisms

158
Q

Reversed

Tumor of the adrenal medulla that cause Secrete excess catecholamines (NE) 90% benign /10% malignant.

A

What is Pheochromocytoma?

159
Q

What can pinealoma cause?

A

Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome. can cause “sunset eyes”

160
Q

How do you treat cerebral palsy?

A

Muscle relaxants, Anticonvulsant drugs, Orthopedic surgery / appliances

161
Q

What is the Tensilon test?

A

Helps diagnose Myasthenia Gravis by disabling Ach esterase

162
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension Headache Flushing Diaphoresis Tachycardia Heat intolerance Weight loss

163
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

Group of syndromes. Permanent, non-progressive damage to motor control areas of the brain

164
Q

Reversed

Cushing’s Syndrome, Addison’s Disease, Conn’s Disease, Pheochromocytoma

A

What are the adrenal disorders?

165
Q

What is the gold standard for evaluating acute brain injury?

A

Glasgow coma scale.

166
Q

What disease is non-inflammatory disease of striated muscle?

A

Muscular dystrophy

167
Q

Reversed

Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia bacteria (lyme disease)

A

What are infectious disorders of the CNS? 2

168
Q

What is typical head trauma called?

A

Closed (blunt) head trauma

169
Q

What is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state?

A

diffuse axonal injury

170
Q

Reversed

the pituitary gland to make TSH

A

TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the ______ to make ___ which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3

171
Q

What is thyroid disease gender ratio?

A

F > M

172
Q

What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy?

A

Progressive degenerative disease of the brain from Accumulation of tau protein in neurons. From repeated brain injury.

173
Q

If Guillain-Barré Syndrome is antibody-mediated autoimmune, what hypersensitivity type is it?

A

II

174
Q

What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin, ADH

175
Q

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

x-linked early onset (3-5 years). Absence of dystrophin. Pseudohypertrophy (muscle replaced with fat). Death by early 30s

176
Q

Reversed

50-70% “thyroid stare” in Graves Disease *Most common cause of proptosis and diplopia in adults Also occurs in hypothyroidism, not just hyper 6% of patients are euthyroid

A

What is Thyroid eye disease? What age typically?

177
Q

Reversed

1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies

A

What is the order of thyroid tests? (wo/detail)

178
Q

Reversed

Hyperthyroidism causes excess calictonin which breaks down bone

A

What can cause osteoporosis?

179
Q

What are the major signs and symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?

A

Heat intolerance Increased GI motility Weight loss Tachycardia Goiter (but more common in hypothyroidism)

180
Q

What disease is more common in colder climates?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

181
Q

Reversed

Increases osteoclast activity Increases Ca reabsorption by kidneys Increase Ca uptake by intestines

A

What does parathyroid hormone do?

182
Q

Reversed

thyroid to make T4 and T3

A

TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates the ____ to make _____

183
Q

Reversed

Group of syndromes. Permanent, non-progressive damage to motor control areas of the brain

A

What is cerebral palsy?

184
Q

What has an earlier age onset? Hypo/hyperthyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism (15-40 years)

185
Q

___ in the ____ stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3

A

TRH in the hypothalamus

186
Q

Acromegaly vs gigantism? Acromegaly symptoms? How do you diagnose and treat acromegaly?

A

Acromegaly is excess growth hormone after bones have fused, affects cartilaginous growth. Symptoms: Increased ring or shoe size, Enlarged facial features and skin tags, Increased size of internal organs, Deepening of the voice. Dx via MRI and GH suppression test. Tx medication or surgery

187
Q

Reversed

2 or more attacks and MRI showing lesions. Tx Immunosuppression, Amino acid injections, Cortical steroids, Management of symptoms

A

How do you diagnose MS? How tx MS?

188
Q

Reversed

Oxytocin, ADH

A

What hormones are found in the posterior pituitary?

189
Q

What is Guillain-Barré Syndrome? What is the cause?

A

Acute, idiopathic autoimmune polyneuritis of the PNS because of disrupted myelin sheaths. Paralysis starts in the legs and moves up. The cause is an autoimmune response triggered from GI/respiration infection.

190
Q

Reversed

Icepack decreases Ach-esterase, reliving symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis. This can help diagnose MG

A

What is the ice-pack test?

191
Q

What is TSH-receptor antibody implicated in?

A

Grave’s disease

192
Q

Reversed

Conjunctival concretions of hyperparathyroidism

A

What can cause white dots in palpebral conj?

193
Q

Reversed

Meningitis

A

Cause: Sudden fever, Stiff neck Headache, Altered mental status

194
Q

What are causes of syncope?

A

Fainting can be from orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope (standing too long, anxiety of needles, space monkeys), cardiogenic syncope

195
Q

What are different level types of hormones?

A

Constant level, variable level, and cyclical

196
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Muscle cramps and spasm** Brittle nails Dry hair Dry, scaly skin Abdominal pain Paresthesia Seizures

197
Q

Reversed

“Rickets” in children “Osteomalacia” in adults

A

Low vitamin D or light can cause ___in children or ____ in adults

198
Q

Reversed

Colloid and can last for 2-3 months

A

T4 and T4 is stored in the ____ and there is a storage that can last for _____ months

199
Q

Reversed

T4 is more plentiful than T3

A

What thyroid hormone is more plentiful?

200
Q

What is treatment of Bell’s palsy?

A

Spontaneous recovery, steroids for inflammation. Make sure it’s not a stroke, infection, or trauma, tumor.

201
Q

How do you dx and tx Pheochromocytoma?

A

Diagnosis: -Serum and urine levels of -catecholamines -Abdominal MRI Treatment -Surgery -Alpha- and beta-blockers

202
Q

Reversed

Pituitary apoplexy is vascular damage to the pituitary. Causes: *Pituitary adenoma, Pregnancy, Postpartum hemorrhage, Sickle-cell, DM, Shock Trauma. SYMPTOMS: headache, syncope, blurred vision, *ophthalmoplegia (double vision), *visual field defects, death possible (adrenal insufficiency, hypotension/hypoglycemia/SAH)

A

What is Pituitary Apoplexy? Most common causes? Symptoms (2 important ones)?

203
Q

What is the classic triad of meningitis? Which meningitis is more common?

A

Sudden fever, stiff neck, HA, (altered mental status). Viral is most common (but bacteria, fungi, and parasites can cause it too)

204
Q

What are symptoms of syncope prodrome?

A

Dizziness, loss of vision/hearing, weakness, pallor, clammy skin, nausea.

205
Q

Reversed

Tensilon (Edrophonium) /ice-pack test, Electromyography (EMG), Anti-ACH receptor Abs

A

How do you diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?

206
Q

Reversed

Diagnosis -Thyroid scan -Serum TSH -Thyroid-stimulating Ig Treatment -Anti-thyroid medications -Radioactive iodine treatment -Surgery Complications -Atrial fibrillation -Osteoporosis -Thyroid eye disease -Edematous and erythematous skin -Thyrotoxic crisis

A

What is the Dx, Tx, and complications of Hyperthyroidism?

207
Q

What determines hormonal potency?

A

Concentration and receptors: specificity (fit), affinity (strength), and number

208
Q

Reversed

The nucleus (the drug is lipophilic)

A

Thyroid hormones affect the cell in ____

209
Q

Reversed

Damage outside of pyramidal tracts. 20% of cases. Hypotensicity and ataxia.

A

What is non-spastic cerebral palsy?

210
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Increases osteoclast activity Increases Ca reabsorption by kidneys Increase Ca uptake by intestines

211
Q

What are the causes of hypopituitarism?

A

Tumor, Infarctions (trauma/TBI, DM, etc.), adiation, Surgery, Postpartum Hemorrhage (Sheehan’s Syndrome)

212
Q

Causes of bacterial meningitis? 3 What complications can happen?

A

Strep. Pneumoniae*, Neisseria meningitidis, H. influenzae type b. Hearing loss and brain damage

213
Q

What is Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome? What are the sign’s sympoms?What’s the cause?

A

Upward gaze deficit due to involvement of vertical gaze centers in dorsal midbrain (sup colliculus). Symptoms: diplopia, difficulty looking up Signs: lid retraction, defective upgaze, convergence retraction nystagmus, mydriasis with light near dissociation, papilledema Causes: *pinealomas, *hydrocephalus, CVA, MS, trauma

214
Q

Reversed

PET scans

A

____ is used for epilepsy surgical candidates and tumor biopsy

215
Q

How do you treat Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Ach-esterase inhibitor, thymectomy, plasmapheresis (remove offending auto-antibodies)

216
Q

Outer 1/3 eyebrows missing can indicate….

A

Hypothyrodism

217
Q

Reversed

90% of MS respond well to treatment. MS goes into remission (but can come back). Progressive is 20%

A

What is relapsing-remitting MS? What % is progressive MS?

218
Q

What is the order of thyroid tests? (wo/detail)

A

1 *Thyroid Panel: TSH, free T4, free T3 2 *Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin 3 Thyroglobulin antibodies 4 TPO (thyroperoxidase) antibodies

219
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease* -Excess dietary iodine -Thyroiditis (usually viral, but can become hypothyroidism) -Benign thyroid or pituitary adenoma -Tumors of the testes or ovaries (because humangonadotropin hormone can stimulate thyroid) -Over medication of hypothyroidism

220
Q

What are leukodystrophies? What diseases they include? What kind of cell death?

A

Progressive disruption of myelin sheaths in the brain (inherited). Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD), Adrenoleukodystrophy. The cells die causing inflammation.

221
Q

Reversed

Progressive disruption of myelin sheaths in the brain (inherited). Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD), Adrenoleukodystrophy. The cells die causing inflammation.

A

What are leukodystrophies? What diseases they include? What kind of cell death?

222
Q

Reversed

66% (optic neuritis)

A

___% of MS patients have ocular symptoms

223
Q

When should you call 911 for a seizure?

A

When it lasts for more than 10 minutes

224
Q

Reversed

Exophthalmos Persistent eyelid swelling Diplopia Decreased vision in one or both eyes (optic nerve compression)

A

What are the late signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

225
Q

Generalized absence seizures symptoms

A

Staring spell, brief, immediate recovery

226
Q

What is the tx for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Discontinue steroids Surgery Radiation Medication

227
Q

What is spastic Cerebral palsy?

A

Has hypertonic, tense muscles from Upper motor neuron damage. 70-80% of cases of CP

228
Q

__% of 20 year MS pts are not disabled and can still walk. They typically have a(n) _____ lifespan

A

66%. Normal lifespan

229
Q

What is thyroperoxidate (TPO) and Thyroglobulin antibodies inplicated in?

A

Hashimotos (auto-immune thyroid damage) and Grave’s (auto-ab mimics TSH)

230
Q

Reversed

Bronchopneumonia

A

What is the most common cause of death in Alzheimer’s disease?

231
Q

How often does Bell’s palsy happen?

A

Usually only once

232
Q

Reversed

Strep. Pneumoniae*, Neisseria meningitidis, H. influenzae type b. Hearing loss and brain damage

A

Causes of bacterial meningitis? 3 What complications can happen?

233
Q

Hypo/hyper thyroidism is more common than the other?

A

Hypothyroidism is more common

234
Q

What is the most common cause of proptosis and diploipa in adults?

A

The thyroid eye disease in Grave’s disease.

235
Q

Reversed

Inflammatory response after viral infection of (Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I)

A

What is the cause of Bell’s palsy?

236
Q

Reversed

Hypothyroidism is more common

A

Hypo/hyper thyroidism is more common than the other?

237
Q

What causes a cherry red spot in the macula?

A

Lysosomal storage disease (Tay-Sach’s)

238
Q

Reversed

Buoyancy, Protection, Chemical stability, Prevention of brain ischemia (if BP falls, CSF production can also fall to facilitate blood flow)

A

Purpose of CSF?

239
Q

Cataracts can happen in what disease?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

240
Q

What are the primary brain tumor types? What are the secondary brain tumor types?

A

Glioma (30%), meningioma (benign), pituitary adenoma (benign), and nerve sheath tumors. Secondary is from lung (48%), breast, urogenital, osteosarcoma

241
Q

What are the 5 types of endocrine disorders?

A

Hypo/hyperfunction of a gland, then receptor defect, primary or secondary messenger defect

242
Q

What is Swelling of lower legs legs?

A

Myxedema

243
Q

Reversed

Discontinue steroids Surgery Radiation Medication

A

What is the tx for Cushing’s syndrome?

244
Q

Reversed

Usually viral: Herpes simplex 1 & 2, Arboviruses, Rabies virus. Seizures, stupor, coma. Supportive treatment

A

Cause of encephalitis 3? Signs and symptoms 3 ? How is treatment?

245
Q

Reversed

Coup is head struck, contrecoup is rebound on opposite side of skull.

A

Coup vs contrecoup

246
Q

Reversed

Women more than men

A

How does Alzheimer’s affect genders?

247
Q

PETs are good for….

A

Showing function rather than structural.

248
Q

How do you diagnose Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? Tx? Untreated complications?

A

Dx: Anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase ) antibody titers, Serum TSH high, low T3, low T4. Tx: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) Complications: Cardiomegaly Heart failure Pleural effusion

249
Q

Name disease: Diplopia, Ptosis, Mask-like facial expression, Dysphagia, Weak voice

A

Myasthenia Gravis

250
Q

What is most commonly associated with Thyroid Eye Disease?

A

Grave’s disease

251
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome is from…

A

High cortisol

252
Q

What are they important symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Lethargy Cold intolerance Bradycardia Goiter Decreased appetite Constipation

253
Q

What is traumatic pneumocephalus?

A

Air moves to the subdural space from injury to a nasal sinus. This can cause cerebrospinal rhinorrhea?

254
Q

What does a goiter happen?

A

Mostly in Hypothyroidism (and also hyperthyoridism)

255
Q

Reversed

IM SLO. Inferior is the most affected

A

Which EOMS are more likely to be affected

256
Q

Reversed

Hyperthyroidism

A

Hypo/hyperthyroidism has familial associations?

257
Q

Reversed

Meletonin

A

Pineal gland produces ____

258
Q

Reversed

Dx: Anti-TPO (thyroperoxidase ) antibody titers, Serum TSH high, low T3, low T4. Tx: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) Complications: Cardiomegaly Heart failure Pleural effusion

A

How do you diagnose Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? Tx? Untreated complications?

259
Q

Reversed

Glioma (30%), meningioma (benign), pituitary adenoma (benign), and nerve sheath tumors. Secondary is from lung (48%), breast, urogenital, osteosarcoma

A

What are the primary brain tumor types? What are the secondary brain tumor types?

260
Q

What can rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury cause?

A

diffuse axonal injury

261
Q

What is relapsing-remitting MS? What % is progressive MS?

A

90% of MS respond well to treatment. MS goes into remission (but can come back). Progressive is 20%

262
Q

Reversed

Diagnosis: -Serum and urine levels of -catecholamines -Abdominal MRI Treatment -Surgery -Alpha- and beta-blockers

A

How do you dx and tx Pheochromocytoma?

263
Q

Reversed

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis* Insufficient Iodine dietary intake* Congenital (birth) defects Radiation treatments to the neck Radioactive iodine used to treat hyperthroidism Surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland Viral thyroiditis

A

What are the causes of hypothyroidsm?

264
Q

Reversed

MRI

A

How is Huntington’s diagnosed?

265
Q

What are common co-morbidities of cerebral palsy?

A

Epilepsy and cognitive impairment

266
Q

Reversed

Late symptoms of MS

A

Name disease: Muscle spasms, Pain, Slurred speech, Blindness, Paralysis, Cognitive decline

267
Q

What causes reduced capillary permeability in the BBB?

A

Endothelial tight junctions and Thickened basement membrane

268
Q

Reversed

Hypertension Headache Flushing Diaphoresis Tachycardia Heat intolerance Weight loss

A

What are signs and symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?

269
Q

Reversed

Leukodystrophy, MS, and Guillain-Barré Syndrome

A

What are the demyelinating diseases?

270
Q

Reversed

Loss of awareness, automatisms

A

Partial complex seizures symptoms

271
Q

What are the most common pituitary tumors?

A

1 Prolactinoma (PRL)*, 2 Corticotropinoma (ACTH), 3 Somatotropinoma (GH)

272
Q

Reversed

Unilateral facial droop (eyelid does not close), diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, decreased lacrimation

A

Symptoms of Bell’s Palsy

273
Q

Reversed

EMG, Nerve conduction studies, MRI, Serum laboratory testing. Tx Riluzole (glutamate inhibitor).

A

What is diagnosis of ALS? Treatment?

274
Q

Reversed

Low cortisol and/or low aldosterone

A

Addison’s Disease is from…

275
Q

Reversed

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Iodine deficiency

A

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US? In the world?

276
Q

Reversed

Thyroid diseases, Diabetes mellitus Type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Demyelinating CNS diseases

A

What are the risk factors of Myasthenia Gravis? 5

277
Q

Reversed

To avoid Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)

A

Why do you want to taper steroid use?

278
Q

What’s the ocular manifestation of pituitary adenoma?

A

Tunnel vision (Bi-temporal visual field loss). Defect starts superior then spreads inferior

279
Q

Reversed

Grave’s disease

A

What is TSH-receptor antibody implicated in?

280
Q

What is communicating vs non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Communicating, excess CSF can exit but there is reabsorption problem, non-communicating is where there is an obstruction

281
Q

What is an addisonian crisis?

A

Life-threatening low cortisol causing liver dysfunction and low sugar and low aldosterone causes excessive water and Na loss causing low bp, shock, and coma/death.

282
Q

Reversed

Myxedema

A

What is Swelling of lower legs legs?

283
Q

Reversed

Looking at bones, space-occupying lesions, they’re fast and inexpensive.

A

CT scans are good for…

284
Q

Reversed

Constant level, variable level, and cyclical

A

What are different level types of hormones?

285
Q

Reversed

Build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

A

What causes Alzheimer’s disease?

286
Q

Reversed

Spontaneous recovery, steroids for inflammation. Make sure it’s not a stroke, infection, or trauma, tumor.

A

What is treatment of Bell’s palsy?

287
Q

Pheochromocytoma is from…

A

Excessive production and release of catecholamines

288
Q

Reversed

2 or more unprovoked seizures typically required for diagnosis

A

How is epilepsy diagnosed?

289
Q

How do you diagnose Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Tensilon (Edrophonium) /ice-pack test, Electromyography (EMG), Anti-ACH receptor Abs

290
Q

What is the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease?

A

Lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital soft tissue Edema and mucopolysaccharide deposition by fibroblasts Enlargement of EOMs

291
Q

Reversed

diffuse axonal injury

A

What is a major cause of unconsciousness and persistent vegetative state?

292
Q

TRH in the hypothalamus stimulates the ______ to make ___ which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3

A

the pituitary gland to make TSH

293
Q

Reversed

TRH in the hypothalamus

A

___ in the ____ stimulates the pituitary gland to make TSH which stimulates thyroid to make T4 and T3

294
Q

Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a deficiency in the activity of ___

A

Arylsulfatase (affects white matter)

295
Q

What is Pheochromocytoma?

A

Tumor of the adrenal medulla that cause Secrete excess catecholamines (NE) 90% benign /10% malignant.

296
Q

Reversed

Lethargy Cold intolerance Bradycardia Goiter Decreased appetite Constipation

A

What are they important symptoms of hypothyroidism?

297
Q

Reversed

Parkinson’s disease

A

Name disease: Resting tremors, Mask-like expression, Slow, quiet speech, Shuffling gait, Stooped posture, Rigid muscles

298
Q

Reversed

66%. Normal lifespan

A

__% of 20 year MS pts are not disabled and can still walk. They typically have a(n) _____ lifespan

299
Q

What is a lumbar puncture good for?

A

Punting air, dye, or medications in. Sampling CSF

300
Q

Reversed

Parinaud’s Syndrome/Dorsal Midbrain Syndrome. can cause “sunset eyes”

A

What can pinealoma cause?

301
Q

Reversed

Hashimotos (auto-immune thyroid damage) and Grave’s (auto-ab mimics TSH)

A

What is thyroperoxidate (TPO) and Thyroglobulin antibodies inplicated in?

302
Q

Reversed

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Name disease: Muscle Spasms, Poor balance, Frequent falls, Inability to walk, Drooping eyelids, Scoliosis, Joint contractures, Restrictions of mobility, Respiratory difficulty*, Arrhythmias, Cardiomyopathy

303
Q

Reversed

The eyes bulge in pediatric hydrocephalus, causing white of eye to be shown in upper eye.

A

What are sunset eyes?

304
Q

Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I can cause….

A

Bell’s palsy

305
Q

Conn’s Disease is from….

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism

306
Q

What are the risk factors of Myasthenia Gravis? 5

A

Thyroid diseases, Diabetes mellitus Type 1, Rheumatoid arthritis, Lupus, Demyelinating CNS diseases

307
Q

Reversed

Hyperthyroidism (15-40 years)

A

What has an earlier age onset? Hypo/hyperthyroidism?

308
Q

Some blue light retinal fibers project to the ___

A

Pineal gland!

309
Q

Reversed

Soft tissue, safety (not ionizing)

A

MRIs are good for…

310
Q

Reversed

Excess secretion of thyroid hormone because of antibody that stimulates TSH receptor. It is most commonly associated with thyroid eye disease

A

What is graves disease?

311
Q

Reversed

It regulates the basal metabolic rate.

A

What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland?

312
Q

Reversed

Pheochromocytoma

A

What can cause hypertensive crisis?

313
Q

Reversed

Early is memory loss and disorientation, Late is motor loss and aphasia.

A

What symptoms of Alzheimer’s are early vs. late stage?

314
Q

Reversed

Malignant has inflammation and edema, starts to distort the brain tissue.

A

How can you tell difference between malignant and benign tumors?

315
Q

Reversed

Ionizing radiation, Immunosuppression, Hereditary syndromes

A

What are the risk factors of brain tumors?

316
Q

Reversed

Graves’ disease* -Excess dietary iodine -Thyroiditis (usually viral, but can become hypothyroidism) -Benign thyroid or pituitary adenoma -Tumors of the testes or ovaries (because humangonadotropin hormone can stimulate thyroid) -Over medication of hypothyroidism

A

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

317
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus? How do you treat it?

A

Large head size, Seizures, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, Blurred/Double Vision, BALANCE /Gait problem, INCONTINENCE. Treat it with a shunt

318
Q

Reversed

Air moves to the subdural space from injury to a nasal sinus. This can cause cerebrospinal rhinorrhea?

A

What is traumatic pneumocephalus?

319
Q

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US? In the world?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Iodine deficiency

320
Q

Low Ca causes secretion of ____ by ____

A

Parathyroid hormone by parathyroid

321
Q

How do you treat diabetes insipidus?

A

Treat with oral ADH. The pee is too dilute

322
Q

Reversed

Multiple Sclerosis

A

What disease is more common in colder climates?

323
Q

What can cause hypoparathyroisism? How is gender ratio? How tx?

A

Neck surgery* Autoimmune disease Radiation Tx of thyroid Inherited disorders Men=women Tx: Calcium carbonate and Vitamin D

324
Q

Reversed

Mostly in Hypothyroidism (and also hyperthyoridism)

A

What does a goiter happen?

325
Q

Reversed

Fainting can be from orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal syncope (standing too long, anxiety of needles, space monkeys), cardiogenic syncope

A

What are causes of syncope?

326
Q

Reversed

Alzheimer’s disease

A

What is the most common cause of dementia?

327
Q

What are most common causes of head injuries?

A

Car accidents, falls, assaults

328
Q

Reversed

Closed (blunt) head trauma

A

What is typical head trauma called?

329
Q

How do you diagnose MS? How tx MS?

A

2 or more attacks and MRI showing lesions. Tx Immunosuppression, Amino acid injections, Cortical steroids, Management of symptoms

330
Q

Reversed

Enteroviruses, HSV 2, Varicella zoster, Mumps, Influenza, HIV

A

Causes of viral meningitis? 6

331
Q

What are complications of epilepsy?

A

Difficulty learning, aspiration, brain damage (can be permanent), drowsiness from medication.

332
Q

Reversed

Motor development delay, Flaccid paralysis, Mental impairment, Blindness, Death. Starts at 6 months of age.

A

What are the symptoms of Tay-Sach’s disease? At what age does it start?

333
Q

What causes Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Build up of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

334
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Asymptomatic (50%) *Osteoporosis *Subperiosteal absorption (bone indentation) Polyuria and polydipsia Constipation Weakness and fatigue Myalgias Cognitive impairment

335
Q

What are the risk factors of brain tumors?

A

Ionizing radiation, Immunosuppression, Hereditary syndromes

336
Q

Inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve is…

A

Bell’s palsy

337
Q

Reversed

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

What disease does not affect personality or eyesight

338
Q

Symptoms of Bell’s Palsy

A

Unilateral facial droop (eyelid does not close), diminished eye blink, hyperacusis, decreased lacrimation

339
Q

Hypo/hyperthyroidism has familial associations?

A

Hyperthyroidism

340
Q

Cause of encephalitis 3? Signs and symptoms 3 ? How is treatment?

A

Usually viral: Herpes simplex 1 & 2, Arboviruses, Rabies virus. Seizures, stupor, coma. Supportive treatment

341
Q

What are the causes of Hyperparathyroidism? How do you treat?

A

Neck radiation for thyroid Adenoma Carcinoma (rare) Hypocalcemia (secondary). Tx with surgury

342
Q

Reversed

1.4% of cancers are primary brain tumors. Majority are metastatic….like from lung

A

___% of cancers are primary brain tumors. are metastatic.

343
Q

Reversed

Difficulty learning, aspiration, brain damage (can be permanent), drowsiness from medication.

A

What are complications of epilepsy?

344
Q

Cause: Sudden fever, Stiff neck Headache, Altered mental status

A

Meningitis

345
Q

What disease does not affect personality or eyesight

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

346
Q

Reversed

Decreased blink rate, blepharospasm, decreased convergence amplitudes.

A

What are the ocular manifestation of Parkinson’s?

347
Q

Reversed

Pineal gland!

A

Some blue light retinal fibers project to the ___

348
Q

Reversed

II

A

If Guillain-Barré Syndrome is antibody-mediated autoimmune, what hypersensitivity type is it?

349
Q

Reversed

Staring spell, brief, immediate recovery

A

Generalized absence seizures symptoms

350
Q

Reversed

Severe TBI. Also includes mild TBI symptoms

A

Name disease: Persistent or progressive headache, Repeated vomiting or nausea, Convulsions or seizures, An inability to awaken from sleep, Dilation of one or both pupils, Slurred speech, Weakness or numbness in the extremities, Loss of coordination; Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation

351
Q

Reversed

Alzheimer’s (1) and Parkinson’s (2)

A

What is the 1st and 2nd most common neurodegenerative disorders?

352
Q

Reversed

Cushing Disease is excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH; adenoma More common in women. Cushing Syndrome is excessive level of cortisol

A

Cushing disease vs syndrome….

353
Q

Reversed

Lysosomal storage disease (Tay-Sach’s)

A

What causes a cherry red spot in the macula?

354
Q

Causes of ICP fluctuations:

A

Brain edema, CSF obstructions, Intracranial hemorrhage, tumor

355
Q

Reversed

Helps diagnose Myasthenia Gravis by disabling Ach esterase

A

What is the Tensilon test?

356
Q

Reversed

Hypo/hyperfunction of a gland, then receptor defect, primary or secondary messenger defect

A

What are the 5 types of endocrine disorders?

357
Q

Reversed

Early: Vomiting, Headache, Papilledema. Late: Bradycardia, HTN, Respiratory changes, Herniation

A

Early 3 and late 4 Signs and Symptoms of Increased intracranial pressure:

358
Q

Reversed

Excessive production and release of catecholamines

A

Pheochromocytoma is from…

359
Q

What can cause hypertensive crisis?

A

Pheochromocytoma

360
Q

What are infectious disorders of the CNS? 2

A

Treponema pallidum (syphilis) and Borrelia bacteria (lyme disease)

361
Q

Reversed

Tumor, Infarctions (trauma/TBI, DM, etc.), adiation, Surgery, Postpartum Hemorrhage (Sheehan’s Syndrome)

A

What are the causes of hypopituitarism?

362
Q

What are the causes of epilepsy?

A

Idiopathic, Stroke, Dementia, TBI, Infections, Tumors, Congenital defect or perinatal brain injury

363
Q

What are the common symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, skin atrophy, collagen breakdown causing “Stretch marks”, facial hair growth

364
Q

What are the late signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?

A

Exophthalmos Persistent eyelid swelling Diplopia Decreased vision in one or both eyes (optic nerve compression)

365
Q

What can cause white dots in palpebral conj?

A

Conjunctival concretions of hyperparathyroidism

366
Q

Reversed

Lymphocytic infiltration of the orbital soft tissue Edema and mucopolysaccharide deposition by fibroblasts Enlargement of EOMs

A

What is the pathogenesis of thyroid eye disease?

367
Q

What happens in Myasthenia Gravis? Demographics?

A

Antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptor sites causing weakness. Affects women more than men

368
Q

Reversed

Basal ganglia and cortex. Autosomal dominant

A

What does Huntington’s disease affect? What kind of inheritance?

369
Q

Reversed

Neck radiation for thyroid Adenoma Carcinoma (rare) Hypocalcemia (secondary). Tx with surgury

A

What are the causes of Hyperparathyroidism? How do you treat?

370
Q

Reversed

Sudden fever, stiff neck, HA, (altered mental status). Viral is most common (but bacteria, fungi, and parasites can cause it too)

A

What is the classic triad of meningitis? Which meningitis is more common?

371
Q

Reversed

Muscular dystrophy

A

What disease is non-inflammatory disease of striated muscle?

372
Q

Reversed

ALS

A

Riluzole treat’s what?

373
Q

Papilledema can indicate what?

A

Early sign of increased cranial pressure, Brain tumors

374
Q

CT scans are good for…

A

Looking at bones, space-occupying lesions, they’re fast and inexpensive.

375
Q

Reversed

Myelogram

A

What are the neurologic tests for brain tumors?

376
Q

Reversed

1 Prolactinoma (PRL)*, 2 Corticotropinoma (ACTH), 3 Somatotropinoma (GH)

A

What are the most common pituitary tumors?

377
Q

Generalized tonic-clonic seizures symptoms

A

Dramatic loss of consciousness, Tonic-clonic convulsions of all extremities, Incontinence, Amnesia of the event

378
Q

Reversed

1st Leukemia, 2nd is brain tumors.

A

1st and 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in children?

379
Q

What is the cause of Bell’s palsy?

A

Inflammatory response after viral infection of (Varicella zoster virus, EBV, herpes simplex I)

380
Q

Reversed

Hypothyrodism

A

Outer 1/3 eyebrows missing can indicate….

381
Q

Reversed

Rotational injury or acceleration/deceleration injury that’s on a microscopic level. Lesions develop in white matter that degrade after trauma.

A

What is diffuse axonal injury?

382
Q

Reversed

Punting air, dye, or medications in. Sampling CSF

A

What is a lumbar puncture good for?

383
Q

Reversed

Epilepsy and cognitive impairment

A

What are common co-morbidities of cerebral palsy?

384
Q

Reversed

Bell’s palsy

A

What is hyperacusis a symptom of?

385
Q

Reversed

Brain edema, CSF obstructions, Intracranial hemorrhage, tumor

A

Causes of ICP fluctuations:

386
Q

Chorea is a symptom of what?

A

Huntington’s disease. Chorea is involuntary writhing movements.

Pathology II (9 decks)

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