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Pathology II > Path 2 quiz 3 > Flashcards

Path 2 quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Alveolar collapse due to disruption of surfactant. Occurs in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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2
Q 
What can these cause?
 Sepsis (>40%)
 Aspiration of gastric acid (>30%)
 Severe trauma
 Fat emboli syndrome
 Shock
A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (restrictive lung disease)

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3
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

Curved spine (usually from being fat), can cause restrictive lung disease

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4
Q

What causes tooth loss and halitosis?

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal disease

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5
Q

What stool test?

senses oncogenes

A

Stool DNA

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6
Q

Adenocarcinoma arises from ____

A

colonic adenoma (Polyps)

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7
Q

What can cause blood in esophagus?

A

Mallory-Weiss tear (from lots of vomitings)

Varices (puffy pooling of blood in esophageal tissue)

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8
Q

What can cause a paraneoplastic syndrome (endocrine disorder)

A

Lung cancer (small cell)

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for Tb?

A 
Close-contact with infected individuals (Occupational, Domestic)
 Alcohol and IV drug abuse
 Diabetes
 Cancer
 HIV
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10
Q

Sinusitis: Acute ____ or less (duration)

A

4 weeks or less

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11
Q

What are the different ways lung ventilation can be impaired?

A

Foreign body, trauma (hemothorax pneumothorax), mucous accumulation, smooth muscle spasm (asthma), airway edema (allergies)

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12
Q

What bacteria can have toxins that cause enterocolitis?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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13
Q

causes of Peritonitis

A 
-----Infectious
 Bowel perforation
 Ascites (peritoneal edema)
 Liver abscess
 Salpingitis (fallopian tube inflammation)
 -----Sterile
 Chemical irritation
 Acute pancreatitis
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14
Q

___ is the enlargement and destruction of the alveolar walls

A

Emphysema

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15
Q

Dark brown, sticky poop is ____ and can be from ____

A

Melena, from gastric and duodenal ulcers

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16
Q

Salivary tumors are usually where and are (benign/malignant)?

A

Benign and in the parotid gland

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17
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Telescoping of the intestines, typically in children, it causes intestinal obstruction

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18
Q

What can cause abnormal function of the LES?

A

Smoking, caffeine, pregnancy.

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19
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

Trauma that causes blood to enter the normally negatively-pressured intrapleural space, causing it to become zero. This extra “pressure” collapses the lung.

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20
Q 
Name disease (from causes)
 Abdominal surgery*
 Gastroenteritis
 Chemical, electrolyte, or mineral imbalances
 Mesenteric ischemia
 Intra-abdominal infections
 Kidney or lung disease
 Medications (narcotics)
A

Ileus (peristaltic paralysis)

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21
Q

What can cause gastric strangulation?

A

Hiatal hernia

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22
Q

____% of the US Pop tests positive for Tb… 1/___ of world population is positive

A

5-8%

1/3

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23
Q

Name disease (based on triad)
Pulmonary involvement
Skin granulomas
Eye and joint lesions

A

Sarcoidosis

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24
Q

Symptoms

  • Nasal congestion and watery discharge
  • Mouth breathing
  • Change in tone of voice
  • Sore throat, headache, slight fever
  • Cough
A

Common Cold (Infectious Rhinitis)

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25
Q 
Name disease (based on pathogenesis).
 Noncaseating epithelioid granulomas affecting multiple organs, especially lungs.
A

Sarcoidosis.

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26
Q

How do you dx intestinal obstruction?

A 
History
 Abdominal x-ray
 Computed tomography
 Barium enema
 Ultrasound
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27
Q 
Symptoms:
 Atrophy of mucosal villi
 Chronic diarrhea
 Unexplained anemia
 Chronic fatigue
 Unexplained weight loss
A

Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy

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28
Q

What is Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis?

A

Group of pulmonary connective tissue diseases. Typically present as restrictive lung disease. Fibrosis results in secondary HTN and right heart failure
Causes:
Occupational and environmental inhalants
Drugs & toxins
Infections
Autoimmune diseases

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29
Q

What bacteria are associated with reactive arthritis and enterocolitis?

A

Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni

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30
Q

What can cause Sialadenitis?

A

This inflammation of salivary glands can come from Viral infection (mumps), autoimmune (sjogren’s syndrome, lupus (SLE)

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31
Q

Swollen ____ prevent entry of air into sinus

A

Membranes

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32
Q

90% of ____ are squamous cell carcinoma

A

Oral and oropharyngeal cancer

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33
Q

What is Sarcoidosis? symptoms

A 
----General symptoms
 Fever
 Cough and SOB
 Fatigue
 Arthralgias
 ----Classic triad
 Pulmonary involvement
 Skin granulomas
 Eye and joint lesions
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34
Q

Major trauma, Brain injury, Acute alcohol abuse are associated with

A

Stress ulcers

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35
Q 
Name disease (from its pathogenesis)
 Macrophages secrete lysozymes. Enzymatic damage causes deposition of collagen.
A

Pneumoconiosis (occupational lung disease:

Anthracosis, Silicosis, Asbestosis)

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36
Q

Lung cancer is the #__ cause of cancer death in US men/women

A

1

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37
Q

What can cause restrictive lung disease?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis
Neuromuscular diseases
Obesity and kyphosis
Infection

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38
Q

Demographics of sarcoidosis:

A

Chronic granulomatous disease (1-40/100K)
Common in 3rd-4th decade of life
3:1 Blacks > Whites
Women > Men

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39
Q

What is the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis?

A 
Mucolytics
 Antibiotics
 Chest percussion
 Lung transplant
 Pancreatic enzyme supplements
 Hydration
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40
Q

What are the most common causes of intestinal obstruction?

A

Adhesions or scar tissue
Hernias
Tumors

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41
Q

What are the occupational lung diseases?

A

Anthracosis, Silicosis, Asbestosis

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42
Q

The central/peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by ____

A

pH of CSF, PaCO2, and PaO2

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43
Q 
Name disease:
 Abdominal discomfort
 Anorexia
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Fever
A

Appendicitis.

also right-lower quadrant pain and tenderness

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44
Q

Name disease:
Granulomatous inflammation in GI tract
“skip lesions”

A

Crohn disease

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45
Q

What can Norovirus cause?

A

Enterocolitis

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46
Q

Blood in puke might be from

A

Diseases of the esophagus

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47
Q

What is Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A

It is a non-cardiogenic cause of pulmonary edema (restrictive lung disease). It is widespread pulmonary INFLAMMATION that causes severe hypoxia.

 It can cause atelectasis (Alveolar collapse due to disruption of surfactant)
 And fibrosis (from Hyelin production)
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48
Q

What is an AIDs-defining disease?

A

Pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jiroveci.

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49
Q

What stool test?

Non-visible blood, not as sensitive.

A

Fecal occult blood test

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50
Q

What stool test?

Mab detects intestinal blood

A

fecal immunochemical test

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51
Q

Anthracosis is _____

A

“black lung”

52
Q

What are the complications of hiatal hernia?

A

Barrett’s esophagus (from chronic inflammation)
Esophageal cancer
Gastric strangulation (blood gets cut off to stomach)

53
Q

Helicobacter pylori can cause

A

Peptic ulcers

54
Q

What is Pancoast syndrome?

A 
Non-small cell carcinoma in the pulmonary apex.
 S&S
 Horner’s syndrome
 Shoulder and arm weakness and pain
 Hoarse voice
 Cough
55
Q

What can cause gastritis?

A 
Infection
 Medication
 Alcohol abuse
 less common:
 Autoimmune disorders
 Bile reflux
 Cocaine abuse
 Ingesting corrosive substances
 Extreme stress
56
Q

___ heart failure causes pulmonary edema

A

Left heart failure

57
Q

Pouches in descending and sigmoid colon from perhaps lack of fiber

A

Diverticulosis

58
Q

What disease causes episodic bloody diarrhea?

A

Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis

59
Q

Gluten is found in…

A

wheat, oats, barley, & rye

60
Q

____ causes Tb

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

61
Q

What polyp type?

Has long narrow stalk

A

Pedunculated polyp

62
Q

What drug type can trigger asthma?

A

NSAIDS

63
Q 
Name disease (based on symptoms)
 Fever
 Cough and SOB
 Fatigue
 Arthralgias
A

Sarcoidosis

64
Q

What does this treat?
Glucocorticoids
Cromolyn
Leukotriene modifiers

A

Anti Inflammatory tx of Asthma

65
Q

_____ ulcers are chronic, deep, and solitary

A

Peptic ulcers

66
Q

What are the risk factors of Asthma?

A 
Family history of asthma
 Personal history of atopy
 Maternal tobacco use
 Poor air quality
 Indoor allergen exposure
67
Q

What is Enterocolitis?

A

Intestine inflammation from infection (usually)
From Norovirus and Rotavirus
Bacteria: Salmonella, camp. Jejuni, c. perfringens, staph aureus

68
Q

What happens in emphysema?

A

Irreversible enlargement of alveolar spaces

  • Destruction of the alveolar walls (decreased SA)
  • Loss of elastic recoil (difficulty exhaling)
  • Obstruction of airflow
69
Q

Name disease (based on symptoms)
Cough with sputum (mucus) production
Fever
Sharp chest pain on inspiration

A

Pneumonia

70
Q

Name disease:
Dysphagia / Achalasia
Pain
Bleeding (hematemesis)

A

Esophagus disease (general)

71
Q

_____ulcers are acute and superficial

A

Stress ulcers

72
Q

What are the physical and mechanical barriers of the lungs?

A 
Physical
 -Hair and cilia in the upper and lower airways
 -Mucous coating along airways
 Mechanical
 -Mucociliary escalator
 -Sneeze and cough reflexes
73
Q 
Name disease
 Abdominal pain
 Abdominal distension
 Vomiting
 Constipation
A

Intestinal obstruction

74
Q

How Tx tb?

A

Inactive TB: isoniazid

Active TB: isoniazid in combination

75
Q

How do you ID H Pylori?

A

Blood, breath, biopsy, or stool test

76
Q

What are the different types of pneumonia?

A

Bronchial, Lobar (in alveoli), Interstitial (throughout)

77
Q

What is the diagnosis and tx of Sarcoidosis?

A 
DIAGNOSIS
 Tissue biopsy
 Blood tests
 -Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
 -Lysozyme
 -Calcium
 Chest x-ray / CT
 Pulmonary function tests
 Bronchoalveolar lavage
 TREATMENT
 Steroids
 Immunosuppressants
 Anti-malarials
 Tetracycline
78
Q

Oral and oropharyngeal cancer are associated with _____ and 90% are (cancer type)

A

Tobacco use

squamous cell carcinoma

79
Q

What biochemical barrier exists in the lungs?

A

Secretory IgA

80
Q

What is a great way to treat peptic ulcers?

A

Antibiotics! That is if the cause is H Pylori

81
Q

_____ arises from colonic adenoma (Polyps)

A

Adenocarcinoma (regarding colon cancer)

82
Q

How tx H pylori?

A

PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) and dual antibiotic therapy

83
Q

Pneumoconiosis is what type of lung disease?

A

Restrictive lung disease. Occupational

84
Q

What polyp type?

Broad, short base

A

Sessile polyps

85
Q

There are ____ alveoli in the body

A

500 million

86
Q 
These can cause….
 Infection
 Medication
 Alcohol abuse
 less common:
 Autoimmune disorders
 Bile reflux
 Cocaine abuse
 Ingesting corrosive substances
 Extreme stress (cortisol)
A

Gastritis

87
Q

Sinusitis: Chronic: > ____ (duration)

A

12 weeks

88
Q 
Name disease (based on symptoms)
 Delayed growth
 Recurrent pneumonia
 Infertility (in men, also women)
 Pancreatitis
A

Cystic Fibrosis

89
Q

Name disease: Nongranulomatous inflammation in colon Continuous superficial mucosal lesions

A

Ulcerative colitis

90
Q

Asymptomatic primary TB (___%)
Progressive primary TB (___%)
Secondary TB (___%)

A

Asymptomatic primary TB (90%)
Progressive primary TB (5%)
Secondary TB (5%) (Asymp TB develops into this)

91
Q

1 cause of esophagus disease is from….

A

Reflux of gastric juices

92
Q

What is the cause of hiatal hernia? Risk factors? How common?

A 
Unknown
 Age
 Obesity
 Smoking
 Congenital (kids)

Very common, 60% of adults over 50

93
Q

What are the 4 main types of lung cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (25-40%)
Adenocarcinoma (25-40%)
Small cell* (20-25%) most fatal
Large cell (10-15%)

94
Q

Cystic Fibrosis is a defect of ….. Affecting….

A 
Chloride transport defect.
 It affects:
 Lungs*
 Pancreas
 Liver
 Salivary glands
 Testes
95
Q 
Name disease (based on symptoms)
 Fatigue
 Fever
 Weight loss*
 Coughing
 Night sweats
A

Tb

96
Q

Which lung disease has ocular manifestations?

A

Sarcoidosis (granuloma)

97
Q

What can cause toxic megacolon?

A

Ulcerative colitis

98
Q

Name cystic fibrosis symptoms:

A

Delayed growth
Recurrent pneumonia
Infertility (in men)
Pancreatitis

99
Q

What is the cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A 
Sepsis (>40%)
 Aspiration of gastric acid (>30%)
 Severe trauma
 Fat emboli syndrome
 Shock
100
Q

2 cancer death is ____

A

Colorectal cancer

101
Q 
Name disease (based on diagnosis)
 Skin tests
 Chest x-rays
 Sputum analysis
 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A

Tb

102
Q

What causes Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?

A

Abnormal LES function, hiatal hernia

103
Q

Symptoms:
Constipation
Bloating

A

Ileus (peristaltic paralysis)

104
Q

How does smoking cause emphysema?

A

ROS causes damage increases neutrophil elastase causing tissue damage

105
Q

____ is a group of pulmonary connective tissue diseases. Typically present as restrictive lung disease. Fibrosis results in secondary HTN and right heart failure. SYMPTOM is shortness of breath (dyspnea)

A

Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis

106
Q

What infectious disease are in the top 10 killers in the US?

A

Pneumonia and flu

107
Q

Black lung is ____

A

Anthracosis

108
Q

How is Tb spread?

A

Chronic close contact.

Alveolar macrophages ingest bacterium but can’t destroy them (goldilocks size) causing a granuloma formation.

109
Q

What can make Pneumoconiosis?

A

Regarding exposure (to coal dust): particulate size, duration, amount, other lung disease

110
Q

Salivary tumors are more common in ____

A

Adults

111
Q

What can cause emphysema?

A

Smoking
Congenital: deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin
IV drug use

112
Q

Brown blood in puke (that looks like coffee grounds) might be from

A

Gastric and duodenal ulcers

113
Q

What are the top causes of pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenzae

114
Q

Name disease:
Heartburn
Esophagitis

A

Hiatal Hernia

115
Q

What is cromolyn?

A

A mast cell stabilizer. Tx for chronic asthma

116
Q

What can cause a “barrel chest”?

A

Emphysema

117
Q

What is the tx of asthma? Long-term tx?

A

Beta2-adrenergic agonists
-Albuterol
Anticholinergics
Methylxanthines

Long Term- antiinflammatories
Glucocorticoids
Cromolyn
Leukotriene modifiers

Lifestyle modification

118
Q

Asthma is a type ___ hypersensitivity

A

Type I (excess histamine and leukotrienes)

119
Q 
Name disease (s&s)
 Horner’s syndrome
 Shoulder and arm weakness and pain
 Hoarse voice
 Cough
A

Pancoast syndrome (it affects sympathetic trunk near apex of the lung)

120
Q

What are the causes of lung cancer?

A

Smoking 80-90%, 10-15% environmental carcinogens

121
Q

What is the most common, lethal hereditary disease among whites?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

122
Q

What can cause Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, hiatal hernia,

123
Q

Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy can cause increased risk of….

A

Intestinal lymphoma

124
Q

Which lung cancer is the most fatal?

A

Small cell

125
Q

__% of Hiatal hernias are symptomatic

A

9%

126
Q

What is a pneumothorax

A

Trauma that causes an opening in the negatively-pressured intrapleural space, causing it to become same as atmospheric pressure. This extra “pressure” collapses the lung.

Pathology II (9 decks)

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