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Pathology II > Path 2 quiz 3 > Flashcards

Path 2 quiz 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Alveolar collapse due to disruption of surfactant. Occurs in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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2
Q 
What can these cause?
 Sepsis (>40%)
 Aspiration of gastric acid (>30%)
 Severe trauma
 Fat emboli syndrome
 Shock
A

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (restrictive lung disease)

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3
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

Curved spine (usually from being fat), can cause restrictive lung disease

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4
Q

What causes tooth loss and halitosis?

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontal disease

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5
Q

What stool test?

senses oncogenes

A

Stool DNA

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6
Q

Adenocarcinoma arises from ____

A

colonic adenoma (Polyps)

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7
Q

What can cause blood in esophagus?

A

Mallory-Weiss tear (from lots of vomitings)

Varices (puffy pooling of blood in esophageal tissue)

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8
Q

What can cause a paraneoplastic syndrome (endocrine disorder)

A

Lung cancer (small cell)

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9
Q

What are the risk factors for Tb?

A 
Close-contact with infected individuals (Occupational, Domestic)
 Alcohol and IV drug abuse
 Diabetes
 Cancer
 HIV
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10
Q

Sinusitis: Acute ____ or less (duration)

A

4 weeks or less

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11
Q

What are the different ways lung ventilation can be impaired?

A

Foreign body, trauma (hemothorax pneumothorax), mucous accumulation, smooth muscle spasm (asthma), airway edema (allergies)

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12
Q

What bacteria can have toxins that cause enterocolitis?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

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13
Q

causes of Peritonitis

A 
-----Infectious
 Bowel perforation
 Ascites (peritoneal edema)
 Liver abscess
 Salpingitis (fallopian tube inflammation)
 -----Sterile
 Chemical irritation
 Acute pancreatitis
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14
Q

___ is the enlargement and destruction of the alveolar walls

A

Emphysema

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15
Q

Dark brown, sticky poop is ____ and can be from ____

A

Melena, from gastric and duodenal ulcers

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16
Q

Salivary tumors are usually where and are (benign/malignant)?

A

Benign and in the parotid gland

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17
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Telescoping of the intestines, typically in children, it causes intestinal obstruction

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18
Q

What can cause abnormal function of the LES?

A

Smoking, caffeine, pregnancy.

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19
Q

What is a hemothorax?

A

Trauma that causes blood to enter the normally negatively-pressured intrapleural space, causing it to become zero. This extra “pressure” collapses the lung.

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20
Q 
Name disease (from causes)
 Abdominal surgery*
 Gastroenteritis
 Chemical, electrolyte, or mineral imbalances
 Mesenteric ischemia
 Intra-abdominal infections
 Kidney or lung disease
 Medications (narcotics)
A

Ileus (peristaltic paralysis)

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21
Q

What can cause gastric strangulation?

A

Hiatal hernia

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22
Q

____% of the US Pop tests positive for Tb… 1/___ of world population is positive

A

5-8%

1/3

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23
Q

Name disease (based on triad)
Pulmonary involvement
Skin granulomas
Eye and joint lesions

A

Sarcoidosis

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24
Q

Symptoms

  • Nasal congestion and watery discharge
  • Mouth breathing
  • Change in tone of voice
  • Sore throat, headache, slight fever
  • Cough
A

Common Cold (Infectious Rhinitis)

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25
``` Name disease (based on pathogenesis). Noncaseating epithelioid granulomas affecting multiple organs, especially lungs. ```
Sarcoidosis.
26
How do you dx intestinal obstruction?
``` History Abdominal x-ray Computed tomography Barium enema Ultrasound ```
27
``` Symptoms: Atrophy of mucosal villi Chronic diarrhea Unexplained anemia Chronic fatigue Unexplained weight loss ```
Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy
28
What is Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis?
Group of pulmonary connective tissue diseases. Typically present as restrictive lung disease. Fibrosis results in secondary HTN and right heart failure Causes: Occupational and environmental inhalants Drugs & toxins Infections Autoimmune diseases
29
What bacteria are associated with reactive arthritis and enterocolitis?
Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni
30
What can cause Sialadenitis?
This inflammation of salivary glands can come from Viral infection (mumps), autoimmune (sjogren's syndrome, lupus (SLE)
31
Swollen ____ prevent entry of air into sinus
Membranes
32
90% of ____ are squamous cell carcinoma
Oral and oropharyngeal cancer
33
What is Sarcoidosis? symptoms
``` ----General symptoms Fever Cough and SOB Fatigue Arthralgias ----Classic triad Pulmonary involvement Skin granulomas Eye and joint lesions ```
34
Major trauma, Brain injury, Acute alcohol abuse are associated with
Stress ulcers
35
``` Name disease (from its pathogenesis) Macrophages secrete lysozymes. Enzymatic damage causes deposition of collagen. ```
Pneumoconiosis (occupational lung disease: | Anthracosis, Silicosis, Asbestosis)
36
Lung cancer is the #__ cause of cancer death in US men/women
1
37
What can cause restrictive lung disease?
Pulmonary fibrosis Neuromuscular diseases Obesity and kyphosis Infection
38
Demographics of sarcoidosis:
Chronic granulomatous disease (1-40/100K) Common in 3rd-4th decade of life 3:1 Blacks > Whites Women > Men
39
What is the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis?
``` Mucolytics Antibiotics Chest percussion Lung transplant Pancreatic enzyme supplements Hydration ```
40
What are the most common causes of intestinal obstruction?
Adhesions or scar tissue Hernias Tumors
41
What are the occupational lung diseases?
Anthracosis, Silicosis, Asbestosis
42
The central/peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by ____
pH of CSF, PaCO2, and PaO2
43
``` Name disease: Abdominal discomfort Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Fever ```
Appendicitis. also right-lower quadrant pain and tenderness
44
Name disease: Granulomatous inflammation in GI tract "skip lesions"
Crohn disease
45
What can Norovirus cause?
Enterocolitis
46
Blood in puke might be from
Diseases of the esophagus
47
What is Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
It is a non-cardiogenic cause of pulmonary edema (restrictive lung disease). It is widespread pulmonary INFLAMMATION that causes severe hypoxia. ``` It can cause atelectasis (Alveolar collapse due to disruption of surfactant) And fibrosis (from Hyelin production) ```
48
What is an AIDs-defining disease?
Pneumonia caused by pneumocystis jiroveci.
49
What stool test? | Non-visible blood, not as sensitive.
Fecal occult blood test
50
What stool test? | Mab detects intestinal blood
fecal immunochemical test
51
Anthracosis is _____
"black lung"
52
What are the complications of hiatal hernia?
Barrett’s esophagus (from chronic inflammation) Esophageal cancer Gastric strangulation (blood gets cut off to stomach)
53
Helicobacter pylori can cause
Peptic ulcers
54
What is Pancoast syndrome?
``` Non-small cell carcinoma in the pulmonary apex. S&S Horner’s syndrome Shoulder and arm weakness and pain Hoarse voice Cough ```
55
What can cause gastritis?
``` Infection Medication Alcohol abuse less common: Autoimmune disorders Bile reflux Cocaine abuse Ingesting corrosive substances Extreme stress ```
56
___ heart failure causes pulmonary edema
Left heart failure
57
Pouches in descending and sigmoid colon from perhaps lack of fiber
Diverticulosis
58
What disease causes episodic bloody diarrhea?
Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
59
Gluten is found in…
wheat, oats, barley, & rye
60
____ causes Tb
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
61
What polyp type? | Has long narrow stalk
Pedunculated polyp
62
What drug type can trigger asthma?
NSAIDS
63
``` Name disease (based on symptoms) Fever Cough and SOB Fatigue Arthralgias ```
Sarcoidosis
64
What does this treat? Glucocorticoids Cromolyn Leukotriene modifiers
Anti Inflammatory tx of Asthma
65
_____ ulcers are chronic, deep, and solitary
Peptic ulcers
66
What are the risk factors of Asthma?
``` Family history of asthma Personal history of atopy Maternal tobacco use Poor air quality Indoor allergen exposure ```
67
What is Enterocolitis?
Intestine inflammation from infection (usually) From Norovirus and Rotavirus Bacteria: Salmonella, camp. Jejuni, c. perfringens, staph aureus
68
What happens in emphysema?
Irreversible enlargement of alveolar spaces - Destruction of the alveolar walls (decreased SA) - Loss of elastic recoil (difficulty exhaling) - Obstruction of airflow
69
Name disease (based on symptoms) Cough with sputum (mucus) production Fever Sharp chest pain on inspiration
Pneumonia
70
Name disease: Dysphagia / Achalasia Pain Bleeding (hematemesis)
Esophagus disease (general)
71
_____ulcers are acute and superficial
Stress ulcers
72
What are the physical and mechanical barriers of the lungs?
``` Physical -Hair and cilia in the upper and lower airways -Mucous coating along airways Mechanical -Mucociliary escalator -Sneeze and cough reflexes ```
73
``` Name disease Abdominal pain Abdominal distension Vomiting Constipation ```
Intestinal obstruction
74
How Tx tb?
Inactive TB: isoniazid | Active TB: isoniazid in combination
75
How do you ID H Pylori?
Blood, breath, biopsy, or stool test
76
What are the different types of pneumonia?
Bronchial, Lobar (in alveoli), Interstitial (throughout)
77
What is the diagnosis and tx of Sarcoidosis?
``` DIAGNOSIS Tissue biopsy Blood tests -Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) -Lysozyme -Calcium Chest x-ray / CT Pulmonary function tests Bronchoalveolar lavage TREATMENT Steroids Immunosuppressants Anti-malarials Tetracycline ```
78
Oral and oropharyngeal cancer are associated with _____ and 90% are (cancer type)
Tobacco use | squamous cell carcinoma
79
What biochemical barrier exists in the lungs?
Secretory IgA
80
What is a great way to treat peptic ulcers?
Antibiotics! That is if the cause is H Pylori
81
_____ arises from colonic adenoma (Polyps)
Adenocarcinoma (regarding colon cancer)
82
How tx H pylori?
PPI (Proton pump inhibitor) and dual antibiotic therapy
83
Pneumoconiosis is what type of lung disease?
Restrictive lung disease. Occupational
84
What polyp type? | Broad, short base
Sessile polyps
85
There are ____ alveoli in the body
500 million
86
``` These can cause…. Infection Medication Alcohol abuse less common: Autoimmune disorders Bile reflux Cocaine abuse Ingesting corrosive substances Extreme stress (cortisol) ```
Gastritis
87
Sinusitis: Chronic: > ____ (duration)
12 weeks
88
``` Name disease (based on symptoms) Delayed growth Recurrent pneumonia Infertility (in men, also women) Pancreatitis ```
Cystic Fibrosis
89
Name disease: Nongranulomatous inflammation in colon Continuous superficial mucosal lesions
Ulcerative colitis
90
Asymptomatic primary TB (___%) Progressive primary TB (___%) Secondary TB (___%)
Asymptomatic primary TB (90%) Progressive primary TB (5%) Secondary TB (5%) (Asymp TB develops into this)
91
#1 cause of esophagus disease is from….
Reflux of gastric juices
92
What is the cause of hiatal hernia? Risk factors? How common?
``` Unknown Age Obesity Smoking Congenital (kids) ``` Very common, 60% of adults over 50
93
What are the 4 main types of lung cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma (25-40%) Adenocarcinoma (25-40%) Small cell* (20-25%) most fatal Large cell (10-15%)
94
Cystic Fibrosis is a defect of ….. Affecting….
``` Chloride transport defect. It affects: Lungs* Pancreas Liver Salivary glands Testes ```
95
``` Name disease (based on symptoms) Fatigue Fever Weight loss* Coughing Night sweats ```
Tb
96
Which lung disease has ocular manifestations?
Sarcoidosis (granuloma)
97
What can cause toxic megacolon?
Ulcerative colitis
98
Name cystic fibrosis symptoms:
Delayed growth Recurrent pneumonia Infertility (in men) Pancreatitis
99
What is the cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?
``` Sepsis (>40%) Aspiration of gastric acid (>30%) Severe trauma Fat emboli syndrome Shock ```
100
#2 cancer death is ____
Colorectal cancer
101
``` Name disease (based on diagnosis) Skin tests Chest x-rays Sputum analysis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ```
Tb
102
What causes Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?
Abnormal LES function, hiatal hernia
103
Symptoms: Constipation Bloating
Ileus (peristaltic paralysis)
104
How does smoking cause emphysema?
ROS causes damage increases neutrophil elastase causing tissue damage
105
____ is a group of pulmonary connective tissue diseases. Typically present as restrictive lung disease. Fibrosis results in secondary HTN and right heart failure. SYMPTOM is shortness of breath (dyspnea)
Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis
106
What infectious disease are in the top 10 killers in the US?
Pneumonia and flu
107
Black lung is ____
Anthracosis
108
How is Tb spread?
Chronic close contact. | Alveolar macrophages ingest bacterium but can't destroy them (goldilocks size) causing a granuloma formation.
109
What can make Pneumoconiosis?
Regarding exposure (to coal dust): particulate size, duration, amount, other lung disease
110
Salivary tumors are more common in ____
Adults
111
What can cause emphysema?
Smoking Congenital: deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin IV drug use
112
Brown blood in puke (that looks like coffee grounds) might be from
Gastric and duodenal ulcers
113
What are the top causes of pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumonia | Haemophilus influenzae
114
Name disease: Heartburn Esophagitis
Hiatal Hernia
115
What is cromolyn?
A mast cell stabilizer. Tx for chronic asthma
116
What can cause a "barrel chest"?
Emphysema
117
What is the tx of asthma? Long-term tx?
Beta2-adrenergic agonists -Albuterol Anticholinergics Methylxanthines Long Term- antiinflammatories Glucocorticoids Cromolyn Leukotriene modifiers Lifestyle modification
118
Asthma is a type ___ hypersensitivity
Type I (excess histamine and leukotrienes)
119
``` Name disease (s&s) Horner’s syndrome Shoulder and arm weakness and pain Hoarse voice Cough ```
Pancoast syndrome (it affects sympathetic trunk near apex of the lung)
120
What are the causes of lung cancer?
Smoking 80-90%, 10-15% environmental carcinogens
121
What is the most common, lethal hereditary disease among whites?
Cystic Fibrosis
122
What can cause Barrett's esophagus?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, hiatal hernia,
123
Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy can cause increased risk of….
Intestinal lymphoma
124
Which lung cancer is the most fatal?
Small cell
125
__% of Hiatal hernias are symptomatic
9%
126
What is a pneumothorax
Trauma that causes an opening in the negatively-pressured intrapleural space, causing it to become same as atmospheric pressure. This extra "pressure" collapses the lung.

Pathology II (9 decks)

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