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Cardiopulmonary Physiology > Quiz 2 Review + Practice Questions > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Review + Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What does the P wave represent in an ECG?

A

atrial depolarization

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2
Q

Which of the following intervals represents ventricular depolarization and repolarization?
A) PR
B) ST
C) RR
D) QT

A

D) QT

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3
Q

What does an elevated ST segment indicate in an ECG?

A

MI

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4
Q

What does the QRS complex represent in an ECG?

A

ventricular depolarization

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5
Q

What is the normal duration of the QRS complex in an ECG?

A

0.04 to 0.10 seconds

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6
Q

What does the T wave represent in an ECG?

A

ventricular repolarization

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7
Q

What does a wide QRS complex indicate in an ECG?

A

bundle branch block

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8
Q

An ECG strip is marked with a time scale of 25 mm/sec. If a complete cardiac cycle on the ECG strip measures 22 mm, what is the heart rate?

A

68

(22x 0.04 =0.88, 60/0.88= 68)

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9
Q

If a person’s heart rate is 72 bpm, what is the duration of one cardiac cycle?

A

0.83

(60/72= 0.83)

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10
Q

When my heart rate is 65 bpm, my cardiac cycle length is ________. My heart rate then goes up to 125 bpm when I’m at the gym. How long is it now? _________

A

0.92 sec, 0.48 sec

(60/65= 0.92, 60/125= 0.48)

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11
Q

When compared to a normal PV loop, a loop representing an increased force of contraction would be?

A

wider to the left

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12
Q

On the graph below, which statement describes A?

A

mitral valve closes

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13
Q

The Fick principle or law is used to measure?

A

cardiac output

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14
Q

What effect would an increase in venous return have on cardiac output?

A

increase cardiac output

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15
Q

The greatest delay in the electrical conduction across the heart occurs at the?

A

AV node

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16
Q

According to the Frank-Starling law, an EDV increases, ________________

A

SV increases

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17
Q

Which of the following intervals on an ECG represents the time taken for the impulses to travel from the atria to the ventricles?
A) PR interval
B) PT interval
C) QT interval
D) ST segment
E) QRS wave

A

A) PR interval

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18
Q

A ventricular action potential can be divided into 5 phases. Put the events in order

A

1) fast sodium channels open
2) fast sodium channels close
3) L type calcium channels open and fast potassium channels close
4) L type calcium channels close and slow potassium channels open
5) repolarize to rest, all channels closed

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19
Q

Which of the following structures is located beneath the endocardium of the ventricular septum?
A) SA node
B) internodal pathways
C) AV node
D) bundle of his
E) purkinje fibers

A

D) bundle of his

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20
Q

The Fick principle states that cardiac output is proportional to

A

the rate of oxygen consumption and difference between arterial and venous blood

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21
Q

The graph shows left ventricular volume and pressure loop. Isovolumetric contraction occurs when?

A

A to B

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22
Q

On the graph shown, what event is shown by the line labeled 2?

A

systolic ejection

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23
Q

The heart rate of the individual getting this ECG is _______ bpm

A

71

(21x0.04= 0.84, 60/ 0.84=71)

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24
Q

Which of the following waves on ECG represents atrial repolarization?
A) P
B) R
C) S
D) T
E) none of the above

A

E) none of the above

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25
Q

Cardiologists and physiologists describe a “funny current” when recording from cells within the SA node. What is the basis of this current?

A

inward leaking of sodium

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26
Q

Self excitation within the cells of the SA node is due to?

A

leakiness to sodium and calcium

27
Q

The resting membrane potential of ventricular myocytes is?

A

-85mV

28
Q

The Frank-Starling mechanism primarily explains the relationship between:

A

stroke volume and preload

29
Q

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system releases ________ and has the effect of ______________

A

ACh, decreasing rate and rhythm of sinus node

30
Q

Put the components of the conduction system in order

A

1) SA node
2) internodal pathways
3) AV node
4) AV bundle
5) L/R bundle branches
6) purkinje fibers

31
Q

A plateau is seen on a tracing of a ventricular action potential, how long is this event?

A

0.2s

32
Q

As the ventricular syncytium becomes excited during the cardiac cycle, the exteriors of the muscle cells become more _________ and this is what the ECG leads record

A

negative

33
Q

The AV node delay represents a time for which of the following events?
A) filling of atrium
B) filling of ventricles
C) ventricular ejection

A

B) filling of ventricles

34
Q

L type ion channels allow which ions to flow through?

A

calcium and sodium

35
Q

The 2 depolarization waves of an ECG are ______ and ______

A

P, R

36
Q

Cardiac muscle depends on calcium for contraction, most of this calcium __________________

A

is in the ECF

37
Q

Listed below are the hydrostatic and oncotic pressures within a microcirculatory bed:
-capillary hydrostatic pressure is 30mmHg
-interstitial hydrostatic pressure is -2mmHg
-capillary colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mmHg
-interstitial colloid osmotic pressure is 2 mmHg
What will be the net driving force?

A

9mmHg

(32-23= 9)

38
Q

In a scenario where the capillary hydrostatic pressure is 18mmHg, the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is 0mmHg, the capillary osmotic pressure is 25mmHg, and the interstitial osmotic pressure is 5mmHg, what is the NFP?

A

-2mmHg

(18-20= -2)

39
Q

Calculate the NFP in a capillary bed where the following values are given:
-capillary hydrostatic pressure is 35mmHg
-interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is 1mmHg
-capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mmHg
-interstitial fluid osmotic pressure is 3mmHg

A

12mmHg

(34-22= 12)

40
Q

An elderly individual has low albumin levels. Which number pressure force is most effected?

A

capillary osmotic pressure

41
Q

At the arterial end of a capillary bed which force is the greatest?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

42
Q

Active tissues in the periphery can regulate their own blood supply by

A

releasing vasodilators

43
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure forces fluid _____ through the capillary endothelium

A

in

44
Q

Put these substances in order from most to least permeable:
-NaCl
-water
-albumin
-glucose

A

-water
-NaCl
-glucose
-albumin

45
Q

T/F: arterioles are muscular vessels

A

true

46
Q

Blood pressure is lowest in which vessels?

A

veins

47
Q

T/F: polar water soluble items pass directly across the endothelium the quickest

A

false

48
Q

Starling forces help explain whether

A

a substance will move in or out a capillary

49
Q

Many substances can exert osmotic pressure. Within the CV system, the major substance generating osmotic pressure is

A

albumin

50
Q

Vasomotion is best defined as:

A

pulse of blood through a capillary bed due to sphincter

51
Q

The tendency for edema to occur will be increased by

A

increasing capillary permeability

52
Q

The Starling equilibrium for capillary exchange states- a normal capillary bed has a net filtration rate that is

A

positive

53
Q

T/F: if starling forces are negative there will be net absorption from tissues into capillaries

A

true

54
Q

Local tissue blood flow can be regulated by the cells detecting the level of local nutrients. Low glucose or oxygen can trigger

A

precapillary sphincter to remain open

55
Q

Which vessels return lymph to the CV system?

A

ducts

56
Q

Is NE a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

A

vasoconstrictor

57
Q

Is endothelin a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

A

vasoconstrictor

58
Q

Is histamine a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

A

vasodilator

59
Q

Is ADH a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

A

vasoconstrictor

60
Q

Is NO a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?

A

vasodilator

61
Q

Cardiomyocytes have been shown to release ____________ to increase local blood flow

A

adenosine

62
Q

An average measurement for capillary hydrostatic pressure is

A

25 mmHg

63
Q

The maximum pressure reached in the arteries is called

A

systolic

Cardiopulmonary Physiology (11 decks)

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