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Cardiopulmonary Physiology > Hemodynamics (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Hemodynamics (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the heart functions as a primer pump that increases the ventricular pumping effectiveness as much as 20%?

A

atria

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2
Q

During ventricular systole, large amounts of blood accumulate in the R/L atria because of the closed _____ valves

A

AV

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3
Q

As soon as systole is over, and the ventricular pressures fall again to their low diastolic values, the moderately increased pressures that have developed in the atria during ventricular systole immediately push the ___________ open and allow blood to flow rapidly into the ventricles

A

AV valves

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4
Q

When the L ventricular pressure rises slightly above 80 mmHg, the ventricular pressures push the ____________ valves open

A

semilunar

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5
Q

What percentage of blood in the ventricles is ejected at the end of diastole?

A

60%

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6
Q

What are the AV valves?

A

tricuspid and mitral/bicuspid

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7
Q

Which valves prevent back flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during systole?

A

AV valves

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8
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

aortic and pulmonary

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9
Q

Which valves prevent back flow from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during diastole?

A

semilunar valves

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10
Q

When do valves close?

A

when a backward pressure gradient pushes blood backward

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11
Q

When do valves open?

A

when a forward pressure gradient forces blood in the forward direction

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12
Q

T/F: the high pressure in the arteries at the end of systole cause the semilunar valves to snap close

A

true

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13
Q

T/F: the velocity of blood ejection through the aortic and pulmonary valves is much greater than that through the much larger AV valves

A

true

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14
Q

The edges of the ______________ valves are subjected to much greater mechanical abrasion than the ___________ valves

A

semilunar, AV

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15
Q

Which valves are supported by chordae tendineae?

A

AV valves

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16
Q

define murmur

A

any sound that isn’t predicted

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17
Q

Which valve most commonly regurgs and causes murmurs?

A

mitral valve

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18
Q

Which valves are constructed with a fibrous tissue?

A

semilunar

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19
Q

When do we hear heart sounds through stethoscope?

A

when valves close

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20
Q

What are the normal heart sounds?

A

lub dub

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21
Q

When do we hear the lub sound?

A

closure of AV valve at the beginning of systole

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22
Q

When do we hear the dub sound?

A

closure of the semilunar valves at the end of systole (S1/S2)

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23
Q

Which sound is this?
-low pitch, longer sound

A

S1

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24
Q

Which sound is this?
-shorter sound, higher frequency

A

S2

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25
Q

If a microphone specially designed to detect low frequency sound is placed on the chest, the heart sounds can be amplified and recorded by a high speed recording apparatus. The recording is called a ____________________ and the heart sounds appear as waves

A

phonocardiogram

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26
Q

define pressure

A

force over area

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27
Q

define blood pressure

A

a force of blood over blood vessel surface area or in other words, force that the blood exerts on the surface area of the walls of blood vessels

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28
Q

define blood flow

A

quantity of blood that passes a given point in the circulation in a given period of time

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29
Q

total blood flow should always equal….

A

cardiac output

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30
Q

The overall blood flow in the total circulation of an adult person at rest is about 500ml/min. This is called the _______________ because it is the amount of blood pumped into the aorta by the heart each minute

A

cardiac output

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31
Q

Blood flow through a blood vessel is determined by 2 factors. What are they?

test q

A

1) pressure difference/gradient
2) vascular resistence

note: these are independent factors, can work together or alone

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32
Q

What pressure does the aorta have?

A

80mmHg to maintain pressure gradient

33
Q

Which part of the heart has the highest pressure?

A

aorta

34
Q

What in the CV system has the largest pressure drop?

A

arterioles

35
Q

Which part of the heart has the lowest pressure?

A

vena cava

36
Q

What are the 2 devices to measure blood flow?

A

1) electromagnetic flowmeter
2) ultrasonic doppler flowmeter

37
Q

What is blood flow velocity?

A

distance traveled in certain amount of time

38
Q

What is the blood flow velocity equation?

A

Flow (F)= Pressure (P) / Resistence (R)

39
Q

T/F: higher the resistence, the higher the flow

A

false, its the opposite higher resistance= lower the flow

40
Q

What are the 4 factors determining the amount of resistance?

A

1) radius/diameter of blood vessel
2) length of blood vessel
3) viscosity of blood
4) turbulence (how is liquid moving)

note: resistance also depends on blood vessel arrangement-> series or parallel

41
Q

The arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins are collectively arranged in _______

A

series

42
Q

When blood vessels are arranged in series, flow through each blood vessel is the same, and the total resistance to blood flow is equal to the _____ of the resistance of each vessel

A

sum

43
Q

Blood vessels branch extensively to form parallel circuits that supply blood to the many organs and tissues of the body. This parallel arrangement permits each tissue to regulate….

A

its own blood flow, independently of flow to other tissues

44
Q

__________ and __________ of a blood vessel change flow and conductance

A

Radius, length

45
Q

______________ is a measure of the blood flow through a vessel for a given pressure difference

A

Conductance

46
Q

What is the exact reciprocal of resistance?

A

conductance

47
Q

What is the conductance equation?

A

conductance= 1/resistance

48
Q

What is the conductance of a blood vessel with a diameter of 1?

test q

A

1 ml/min

49
Q

What is the conductance of a blood vessel with a diameter of 2?

A

16 ml/min

50
Q

What is the conductance of a blood vessel with a diameter of 4?

A

256 ml/min

51
Q

Would a small or large blood vessel have more resistance?

A

small vessel

52
Q

The greater the viscosity, the _________ the flow in a vessel if all other factors are constant

A

lower

53
Q

The viscosity of normal BLOOD is about ______x as great as the viscosity of water

A

3

54
Q

What factors could affect blood viscosity?

A

-anemia (low RBCs)
-dehydration
-high glucose
-blood temp
-inflammation
-fibrinogen/coagulation levels

55
Q

The viscosity of normal PLASMA is about ______x as great as the viscosity of water

A

4

note: with anemia this would decrease

56
Q

What does PCV stand for?

A

packed cell volume

57
Q

What percentage of a normal hematocrit/PCV test is plasma?

test q

A

60%

58
Q

What percentage of a normal hematocrit/PCV test is RBCs?

test q

A

40% (so 40% of blood should be RBCs)

59
Q

The flow of blood in straight blood vessels like the flow of liquids in narrow rigid tubes, is normally ___________

A

laminar

60
Q

When blood flows at a steady rate through a long smooth blood vessel, it flows in streamlines each layer of blood remaining the same distance from the vessel wall. This type of flow is called _______________

A

laminar flow or streamline flow

61
Q

Where is velocity the greatest in a vessel?

A

the center

62
Q

What is another term used to describe turbulent blood flow?

test q

A

chaotic or eddy currents

(more turbulence= more energy needed to get from point A to B)

63
Q

When does turbulent blood flow occur?

A

-velocity of flow becomes too high above the critical velocity
-scars, obstructions
-branch points of large arteries
-stenotic vessels (narrowing)
-across heart valves or rough surfaces

64
Q

The tendency of turbulent flow increases in DIRECT proportion to….

A

-the velocity of blood flow
-the diameter of the blood vessel
-the density of the blood

65
Q

The tendency of turbulent flow increases in INVERSE proportion to….

A

the viscosity of the blood

66
Q

What does Reynolds’ number (Re) represent?

A

measure of the tendency for turbulence to occur

67
Q

The higher the value of Re, the ____________ the probability of turbulence

test q

A

greater

68
Q

As viscosity decreases, Re _____________

test q

A

increases

69
Q

As velocity increases (ex: increased CO), Re ___________

test q

A

increases

70
Q

Decrease in diameter (thrombus, plaque), velocity increases so Reynolds number ______________

test q

A

increases

71
Q

T/F: all blood vessels are distensible

A

true

72
Q

The most distensible of all vessels are….

A

veins

73
Q

What is the vascular distensibility equation?

A

vascular distensibility= increase in volume/ increase in pressure x original volume

74
Q

Veins are about ______x more distensible than the arteries

A

8

75
Q

What is the compliance/capacitance of a vascular bed equation?

A

vascular compliance = increase in volume/ increase in pressure

76
Q

Are compliance and distensibility the same thing?

A

no!!!!

77
Q

Compliance = distensibility x ____________

A

volume

78
Q

A small change in pressure would have a huge effect on the….

A

venous system

Cardiopulmonary Physiology (16 decks)

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