Exam 1 Review

Question 1

Which of the following intervals on an ECG represents the time taken for the impulses to travel from the atria to the ventricles?
A) PT
B) ST
C) PR
D) QT
E) QRS

Answer 1

C) PR

Question 2

The Starling equilibrium for capillary exchange states- a normal capillary bed has a net filtration that is

Answer 2

0.3 mmHg

Question 3

A hospitalized patient has a stroke volume of 70mL and heart rate of 80 beats/min. Calculate cardiac output of this patient

Answer 3

5.6 L/min

Question 4

Put these structures in order from most to least permeable
-NaCl
-water
-albumin
-glucose

Answer 4

-water
-NaCl
-glucose
-albumin

Question 5

Many substances can exert osmotic pressure, within the cardiovascular system the major substance generating osmotic pressure is/are

Answer 5

albumin

Question 6

The heart rate shown by the EKG is

Answer 6

71

Question 7

Is this a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?
-NE

Answer 7

vasoconstrictor

Question 8

Is this a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?
-endothelin

Answer 8

vasoconstrictor

Question 9

Is this a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?
-histamine

Answer 9

vasodilator

Question 10

Is this a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?
-ADH

Answer 10

vasoconstrictor

Question 11

Is this a vasodilator or vasoconstrictor?
-NO

Answer 11

vasodilator

Question 12

The repolarization phase of ventricular muscle occurs due to opening of which of the following channels?
A) calcium
B) potassium
C) water
D) sodium
E) chloride

Answer 12

B) potassium

Question 13

The maximum pressure reached in arteries is called

Answer 13

systolic pressure

Question 14

Which of the following structures is located beneath the endocardium of the ventricular septum?
A) AV node
B) bundle of his
C) internodal pathways
D) SA node
E) purkinje fibers

Answer 14

B) bundle of his

Question 15

T/F: arterioles are muscular vessels

Answer 15

true

Question 16

Local tissue blood flow can be regulated by the cells detecting the level of local nutrients. Low glucose or oxygen can trigger

Answer 16

precapillary sphincter to remain open

Question 17

As the ventricular syncytium becomes excited during the cardiac cycle, the exterior of the muscles cells become more ___________ and this is what the ECG leads record

Answer 17

negative

Question 18

A ventricular AP can be divided into 4 phases. Put the events in order

Answer 18

1) fast sodium channels open
2) fast sodium channels close
3) L type calcium channels open and fast potassium channels close
4) L type calcium channels close and slow potassium channels open
5) repolarize to rest, all channels closed

Question 19

Which part of the hearts conduction system is posterior to the tricuspid valve?

Answer 19

AV node

Question 20

On the graph showing left ventricular volume and pressure, the aortic valve closes at point

Answer 20

C

Question 21

Cardiac muscle depends on calcium for contraction, most of this calcium is in the

Answer 21

ECF

Question 22

Kf stands for

Answer 22

capillary filtration coefficient

Question 23

A plateau is seen on a tracing of a ventricular AP, how long is this event?

Answer 23

0.2 seconds

Question 24

T/F: If starling forces are negative, there will be net absorption from tissues into capillaries

Answer 24

true

Question 25

The correct units for cardiac output is

Answer 25

mL/min

Question 26

Vasomotion is best defined as

Answer 26

pulse of blood through a capillary bed due to sphincter

Question 27

T/F: polar, water soluble items pass directly across the endothelium the quickest

Answer 27

false

Question 28

Starling forces help explain whether

Answer 28

a substance will move in or out a capillary

Question 29

Blood pressure is lowest in which vessel?

Answer 29

veins

Question 30

Active tissues in the periphery can increase their own blood supply by

Answer 30

releasing vasodilators

Question 31

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure forces fluid _______ through the capillary endothelium

Answer 31

in

Question 32

If capillary hydrostatic pressure = 40 mmHg, capillary oncotic pressure= 30, interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure= -5, interstitial fluid oncotic pressure= 10, what will be the net driving force for fluid filtration?

Answer 32

25

Question 33

L type ion channels allow which ions to flow through?

Answer 33

sodium and calcium

Question 34

All the beginning of which phase of the cardiac cycle does the mitral valve open?

Answer 34

ventricular filing

Question 35

Cardiomyocytes have been shown to release __________ to increase local blood flow (after microcirculation)

Answer 35

adenosine

Question 36

The Frank Straling mechanism primarily explains the relationship between:

Answer 36

stroke volume and preload

Question 37

Briefly explain the location of the precapillary sphincter

Answer 37

its before the capillary bed on the arterial side

Question 38

At the arterial end of a capillary bed which force (pressure) is the greatest?

Answer 38

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 39

An average measurement of capillary hydrostatic pressure is

Answer 39

20 mmHg

Question 40

Quantity of blood that flows per minute

Answer 40

cardiac output

Question 41

The quantity of blood that is pumped each cycle

Answer 41

stroke volume

Question 42

The volume of blood ejected as a % of the EDV

Answer 42

ejection fraction

Question 43

The volume the LV fills with each diastolic cycle

Answer 43

preload

Question 44

Which of the following vessels drain lymph into the cardiovascular system? A) ducts B) trunks C) nodes D) capillaries E) vessels

Answer 44

A) ducts

Question 45

When compared to a normal PV loop, a loop representing an increased force of contraction would be

Answer 45

wider to the left

Question 46

The tendency for edema to occur will be increased by

Answer 46

increasing capillary permeability

Question 47

The AV node delay represents a time for which of the following events? A) filling of atrium B) filling of ventricles C) SA node discharge D) ventricular ejection E) movement of calcium

Answer 47

B) filling of ventricles