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Microbiology > Quiz 2 Pages 8-22 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Pages 8-22 Flashcards

1
Q

1) Organisms must be present in every case except healthy individuals
2) suspected organism must be isolated and grown In Pure culture
3) isolated pure culture organism must elicit the disease
4) microorganism must be isolated from the newly diseased subject

  • Provides knowledge of the disease
  • A starting point for curing infections
A

Koch’s postulates

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2
Q

Salversan

A

Chemotherapy for syphilis, does not harm the patient

arsenic

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3
Q

Antibiotic penicillin
Clear zones
Scottish

A

Alexander Fleming

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4
Q

Invented agar

1) solid surface
2) not digested by most Microorganisms
3) withstands high temps

A

Eilshemius Hesse

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5
Q

Strep
Staph
Pallisade

A

Chains

Clusters

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6
Q

Based on wall composition
Gram stain
Acid fast stain

A

Differential staining

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7
Q

What an organism eats and what it releases

Metabolic capabilities/limitations
Carbohydrate utilization
Metabolic byproducts
Ability to ferment

A

Biochemical tests

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8
Q 
Studied anthrax
Cultured Microorganisms from blood
Injected them into healthy animals
Infected Animals died 
Isolated and cultured these Microorganisms from dead animals etc...
A

Robert koch’s experiment

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9
Q

Using animal responses to organisms for classification

A

Serology

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10
Q

Anything that illicit an immune response

A

Antigens

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11
Q

Using specific antibodies in a multi well plate
Adding unknown bacterial specimen
If antibody recognizes bacteria positive test
See a color change

A

Elisa

Enzyme linked immuno absorbant assay

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12
Q 
Run patient protein on a gel
Transfer to filter paper
Wash paper with antibodies to specific bacteria
Antibodies have dye coupled to them
Get color, got disease
A

Western blot

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13
Q

Semi-solid matrix of agarose or acrylamide
Run an electrical current
Molecules move based on size and charge
Use DNA fragments of known size to see progress
Visualize by radiation onto X-ray or ultraviolet fluorescence

A

Gel electrophoresis

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14
Q

Is the sample susceptible to the virus? Positive Id

A

Phage

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15
Q

Useful for id of fluorescent bacteria

Add fluorescent due tag to listeria antibody to milk

A

Flow cytometry

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16
Q

Base composition of cg / at ratio

A

Genetic Id

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17
Q

Restriction mapping: restriction endonucleases cut at specific sequences, run on gel to find pattern to match to known species

A

Genetic Id

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18
Q

PCR - polymerase chain reaction

Use primers to amplify a region of DNA to a level that can be run on a gel

A

Genetic id

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19
Q

1) denature DNA with high salt & temp
2) add a single stranded tagged probe
3) run on a gel and look for probe

A

Nucleic acid hybridization

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20
Q

Make copies of probe DNA
Collect grow muse denature sample
Mix with probe
Detect probe for positive id

A

DNA probe for known organisms

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21
Q

Ask a series of questions by running tests
Each answer reduces the possibilities by 1/2
Identifies organism by it’s characteristics
Useful for pathogens

A

Dichotomous key

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22
Q

Resolving power = ocular magnification x objective

bright field

A

Multiple lenses

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23
Q

Light can move through slide, specimen, objective ocular to your eye without any loss to scatter

A

Oil immersion

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24
Q

Each Time light passes from one medium to another some light is lost
Oil immersion helps

A

Refraction

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25
Q

Chromophore is the positive ion
Bacterial cells are slightly negative
Crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green & safranin

A

Basic dyes (stains)

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26
Q

Chromophore is the negative ion
negative staining (stains the background)
Clear organisms

A

Acidic dyes (stains)

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27
Q

Basic dye and alcohol, general cell properties

A

Simple stain

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28
Q

Bacteria will appear different depending on their characteristics

A

Differential stain

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29
Q

Hans Christian gram
1) heat fix cells to slide 2)add crystal violet 3) wash off excess 4) add iodine as a mordant 5) decolorize with alcohol 6)counter stain with Safranin 7) wash with water 8) blot dry

A

Gram stain

30
Q

Purple
Retains crystal violet/iodine due to thicker cell walls
Sensitive to penicillin and cephalosporins

A

Gram positive

31
Q

Pink
Colorless after alcohol
Counter stained with safranin
Thinner cell wall with lipopolysaccArides is disrupted by alcohol so crystal violet and iodine complex wash away
Relatively resistant to antibiotics due to the lipopolysaccArides in the cell walls

A

Gram negative

32
Q

Binds strongly to bacteria/waxy cell wall
I’d for mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae

1) heat fix smear 2) carbolfuchsin dye 3) heat to aid in penetration of the dye 4) wash with water 5) decolorize with alcohol 6) counter stain with methyl blue 7) acid fast organisms retain the dye

A

Acid fast stain

33
Q

Examine live specimens

Syphilis diagnosed this way

A

Darkfield microscopy

34
Q

Live specimens

Visualize internal structures

A

Phase contrast

35
Q

Electron beam passes through a specimens
electrons impact fluorescent screen or photographic plate
Heavy metals for staining
View subcellular structures and viruses
Thin slices

A

Transmission electron microscopy

36
Q

Electron Beam knocks an electron from the specimens surface
These are collected and used to create a 3D inmage on a plate or screen
Provide 3D views of intact specimens

A

Scanning electron microscopy

37
Q

Temp, pH, osmotic pressure

A

Physical needs of Microorganisms

38
Q

-/+ oxygen

C, N, S and Phosphorus

A

Chemical needs of Microorganisms

39
Q

Incubators
Mesophyles like us
Psychrotrophs 0-30 Celsius

A

Temperature

40
Q

Most bacteria neutral
Yeast & molds 5-6
Heliobacter pylori /80% of ulcers/koch’s postulates/don’t do research on themselves

A

pH

41
Q

Created by the movement of water
Membrane
Diffusion important too
Plasmolysis - plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall, dehydrates bacteria to death, salt or sugar

A

Osmotic pressure

42
Q

All Life forms are based on…

A

Carbon

43
Q

Can survive with CO2 as their only carbon source

A

Autotrophs

44
Q

Require a reduced carbon source ie, glucose methane fatty acids

A

Heterotrophs

45
Q

Required for proteins, nucleic Acids and ATP

A

Nitrogen sulphur phosphorus

46
Q

Survive with or without oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

47
Q

Oxygen is toxic

A

Obligate anerobes

48
Q

OH- (hydroxyl radical)
O2- (superoxide radical) SOD (superoxide dismutase) makes peroxide
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) catalase makes water and O2

Aerobic and aerotolerant organisms have enzymes that handle these toxic products

A

Oxygen reduction Produces 3 toxic compounds; all have extra electrons

49
Q

Isolation and growth of a single organism
Aseptic technique
Sterile implements and media

A

How to get a pure culture

50
Q

Obligate aerobe
Obligate anerobe
Facultative anerobe

A

Location of growth in broth indicates oxygen tolerance

51
Q

Inoculum spread with a sterile loop

Goal is to grow individual colonies

A

Streak plate

52
Q

Inserted into an agar slant identifies anaerobic metabolic activity

A

Stab

53
Q

Inoculate liquified agar and Pour into a Petri dish
Allows for isolated colonies
Identifies anaerobic growth ability

A

Pour plate

54
Q

Storage

A

Slant

55
Q

All components and amounts are known, fastidious organisms, microbiological assays (to determine if a Microorganism is making a vitamin)

A

Chemically defined media

56
Q

Exact components and their amounts are unknown i.e. Luria broth, nutrient broth, nutrient agar, chemoheterotrophic organisms

A

Complex media

57
Q

Provides favorable conditions for target organism whole discouraging the growth of unwanted Microorganisms

Bismuth sulfate agar

A

Selective media

58
Q

Allows all organisms to grow but appearances differ according to the species, Eosin methylene blue (e coli is green), Blood agar (streptococcus pyogenes, hemolysis)

A

Differential media

59
Q

Using Anaerobic chambers equipt with air locks and filled with inert gas

A

Culturing anerobes

60
Q

Utilizing specific growth factors to increase the #’s of desired organism,
(Example: enriching for halophiles by growing sample in subsequent increasingly higher salt media)

A

Enrichment

61
Q

Time it takes for a population to double
Ecoli 22 min
2n
Logarithmic under optimal conditions

A

Generation Time

62
Q

Lag, log, stationary, death

A

Bacterial growth curve

63
Q

Cells adjusting to new media (cell division = cell death)

A

Lag phase

64
Q

Exponential growth
Shortest generation Time
Division exceeds death
Kept I. This phase by adding nutrients and removing wastes

A

Log phase

65
Q

Cell division = cell death

Nutrient level decreasing and waste level increasing

A

Stationary phase

66
Q

Cell decision eclipsed by cell death

pH excessive

A

Death phase

67
Q

colonies x mls x dilution factor = cells per ml

Extrapolate colony count to the original undiluted sample

A

Serial dilution

68
Q

Filtration, direct microscopic count, most probable #, turbidity

A

Ways to calculate the population of bacteria

69
Q

Transmittance of Light shined through a sample onto a receiver

Helps determine log phase

A

Turbidity

70
Q

Components provide favorable conditions for target organism while discouraging the growth of unwanted Microorganisms

A

Selective media

71
Q

Growth of obligate a anarobes

A

Reducing media

Microbiology (11 decks)

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