Chapter 10 Exam 1 Flashcards
The study of the evolutionary history of organisms
Systematics or phylogeny
Cyanophora paradoxica
Modern prokaryote living in a eukaryotic cell. Symbiotic relationship.
Based on nucleotide sequences in the genomes organisms
Genes for rRNA
Molecular clock
A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves
Eukaryotic species
A population of cells with similar characteristics
Prokaryotic species
A pure culture
A population of cells derived from a single parent
Clone
Absorbs dissolved organic matter through it’s plasma membrane to obtain raw materials for vital functions
Fungus
A population of viruses with similar characteristics (morphology, genes, enzymes) that occupies a particular ecological niche
Viral species
1) they arose form replicating strands of nucleic acids
2) they developed from degenerative cells that through the generations lost their ability to survive independently
3) they coevolved with host cells
Hypotheses on the origin of viruses
Not nutritive media
Transport media
The science of serum and immune responses that are evident in serum
Serology
Microorganisms that enter an animals body and stimulate the production of antibodies
Antigenic
Proteins that circulate in the blood and combine in a highly specific way with the bacteria that causes their production
Antibodies
Solutions of antibodies used in the identification of Microorganisms
Antiserum
1) Samples of unknown bacterium are placed in a drop of saline on each of several slides
2) different known antisera are added to each sample
3) resulting clump is a positive
Slide agglutination test
Strains within species of bacteria that have different antigens
Serotypes, serovars, or biovars
Flesh eating bacteria
Streptococcus pyogenes
Elisa
Known antibodies are placed in (and adhere to) the wells of a microplate and an unknown type of bacteria is added to each well, serological test
Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay
Serological test identifies antibodies
Western blotting
Test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible
Highly specialized
Phage typing
Moving fluid containing bacteria is forced through a small opening
Method detects a difference in electrical conductivity (presence)
Or the fluid is illuminated by a laser, the scattering of light providing information about cell size shape Density and surface which is analyzed by a computer
Shows physical and chemical characteristics
Flow cytometry
Expressed as the % of guanine + cytosine
A difference of more than 10%? Probably not related
DNA base composition
Using restriction enzymes to cut restriction fragments then separating these using electrophoresis
Comparing the # and sizes of restriction Fragments that are produced from Different organisms provides information about their similarities and differences
DNA fingerprinting
Increase the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by using gel electrophoresis/Makes use of PCR
If a primer for a specific organism is used, the presence of amplified DNA indicates that you have the organism
NATTs, nucleic acid amplification tests
Measures the ability of DNA from one organism to hybridize with another
DNA to DNA, DNA to RNA, RNA to RNA (RNA transcript will hybridize with it’s DNA template)
Nucleic acid hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization to detect specific DNA
Use of a probe
Southern blotting
The science of classification and identification of organisms
Common reference
Universal language
Taxa are categories
Taxonomy
rDNA Being used to determine phylogenetic relationships among organisms
Ribotyping
1) all cells contain ribosomes
2) RNA genes have undergone few changes over time (Same signature sequences)
3) cells do not have to be cultured In a lab (DNA can be amplified using PCR)
Reasons Ribotyping is so great
Fluorescent dye labeled RNA or DNA probes are used to stain Microorganisms In place
Cells are treated so the probe enters and reacts with target DNA
Used to determine identity, abundance, and activity of Microorganisms
FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization)
Contains specific probes
Tagged DNA will bind only to the complementary DNA on the surface
DNA chip
Identification based on successive questions, each question having two possible answers (little to do with phylogenetic relationships)
Dichotomous key
Maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms
1) two rRNA are aligned
2) % similarity are calculated
3) horizontal branches are drawn in length proportional to calculated similarity
Cladograms
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Taxonomy shows this
Phylogeny
Closely related strains constitue a species
In bacteria
Kingdoms
Bacteria archaea animalia plantae fungi
Currently being assigned to kingdoms
Protists
For studying Morphological characteristics
Differential staining
Southern blotting DNA chips and FISH
Examples of nucleic acid hybridization
