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Microbiology > Chapter 1 Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Independent variable

A

Manipulated in the experiment
Different types of mold
(Types of tomatoes)

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2
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measured variable. Provides quantitative data for analysis.

Taste, smell, “outcome”

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3
Q

Controlled

A

Maintaining identical conditions for all other variables between test groups

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4
Q

Alexander Fleming*

A 
1928
Staphylococcus aureus
Mold
Penicillium notatum
Hypothesis: mold is secreting something that kills bacteria
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5
Q

Positive control

A

Used to validate experimental procedure, to provide a positive result

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6
Q

Negative control

A

Used to validate experimental procedure, provides a negative result, shows the materials are not contaminated

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7
Q

Microorganisms

A

Too small to see wi the naked eye

Bacteria, archaea, algae, Protozoa, fungi (molds and yeast) viruses

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8
Q

Phylogeny

A

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms

Genetic relatedness

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9
Q

Scientific method

A

Observation, hypothesis, experimentation, analysis, conclusion

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10
Q

Pathogenic

A

Disease producing

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11
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

1735 system of nomenclature
Genus (1st name) and species, italicized or underlined,
After a scientific name has been mentioned once, it can be abbreviated with the initial of the genus followed by the species name

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12
Q

Bacteria and archaea

A

Unicellular organisms

Genetic material not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryote)

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13
Q

Strepto

A

Chains

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14
Q

Enterica

A

Intestines

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15
Q

Sarccharomyces

A

Sugar fungus

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16
Q

Pyogen

A

Pus

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17
Q

Cerevisa

A

Beer

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18
Q

Chrysogenum

A

Yellow

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19
Q

Trypanosome

A

Borer body

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20
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod like

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21
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical or ovoid

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22
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Protein carbohydrate cell wall

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23
Q

Binary fission

A

Reproducing by dividing into 2 equal parts

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24
Q

Archae

A

No Peptidoglycan

No human disease

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25
Q

Methanogens

A

Archaea that produce methane

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26
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

Archaea that live in hot sulfurous water

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27
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

Archaea that live in extreme salt

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28
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod like

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29
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical or ovoid

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30
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Protein carbohydrate cell wall

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31
Q

Binary fission

A

Reproducing by dividing into 2 equal parts

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32
Q

Archae

A

No Peptidoglycan
No human disease
Discovered by Charles woese

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33
Q

Methanogens

A

Archaea that produce methane

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34
Q

Extreme thermophiles

A

Archaea that live in hot sulfurous water

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35
Q

Extreme halophiles

A

Archaea that live in extreme salt

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36
Q 
Eukaryotes (distinct nucleus containing the cell's Dna)
Kingdom fungi
Unicellular or multicellular
No photosynthesis
Chitin
Yeast mold slime mold (amoeba + mold)
Can reproduce sexually or asexually
Can absorb organic material from the environment
A

Fungi

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37
Q

Yeasts

A

Oval

Larger than bacteria

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38
Q

Molds

A

Made of mycelia (composed of filaments called hyphae)

Cottony

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39
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes
Pseudopods, flagella or cilia
Free entities or parasites
Can reproduce sexually or asexually

A

Protozoa

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40
Q

Parasites

A

Derive nutrients from living hosts or ingest organic compounds from their environment

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41
Q

Euglena

A

Photosynthetic Protozoa

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42
Q 
Photosynthetic eukaryotes
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Usually unicellular
Cell walls of cellulose 
In Water soil or plants 
Do not generally require organic compounds from the environment
Autotrophs - carbon fixation
A

Algae

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43
Q

Can only be seen with an electron microscope
Particle
Either Dna or rna
Can’t reproduce as self sufficient units using only cellular machinery of other organisms
Are not considered living because they are inert outside of living hosts

A

Viruses

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44
Q

Eukaryotes
Parasitic worms - flatworms and round worms
Helminths
Microscopic at some stage

A

Multicellular animal parasites

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45
Q

1978

Devised a system of classification for organisms of three domains (bacteria archaea eukaryotes)

A

Carl woese

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46
Q 
Cell walls consisting of Peptidoglycan 
Prokaryote
Fission do conjugation
Bacilli, Coccus, or spiral 
Cilia or flagella
Distinguished by habitat, biochemistry or DNA sequence
A

Bacteria

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47
Q

Cell walls lack Peptidoglycan

A

Archaea

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48
Q

Protists
Fungi
Plants
and animals

49
Q

1665
Little boxes
Cell theory - all living things are made of cells

A

Robert Hooke*

50
Q

Observed live microorganisms

Between 1673 and 1723 wrote about animalcules (bacteria and Protozoa)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek*

51
Q

1668
Demonstrated that flies did not come from decaying meat (spontaneous generation)
Jars
Air got through mesh screens

A

Francesco redi*

52
Q

Life could emerge spontaneously from no living matter

A

Spontaneous generation

53
Q 
Spontaneous generation theory strengthened
1745
Mutton broth
Heated solutions used unsterile corks
"Vital force"
A

John needham*

54
Q

Microorganisms from the air
Countering needham
Conclusions: air transported germs

A

Lazzaro spallazani*

55
Q

Microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions but air does not create microorganisms

Curved neck flasks
Filtered Microorganisms Out of the air with cotton
Broth did not decay because the curved neck trapped airborne microorganisms
Broke necks of flask to open air (contamination)
Also demonstrated that microorganisms can be destroyed by heat (Pasteurization)
Beginning of aseptic technique
Fowl cholera loses it’s virulence over time
Coined term vaccine

A

Louis pasteur*

56
Q

1857 thru 1914

A

Golden age of microbiology

Studied chemical activities of Microorganisms 
Techniques for microscopy
Culturing organisms
Development of vaccines 
Surgical techniques
57
Q

Microorganisms cause disease

A

Germ theory of disease

58
Q

English surgeon
Semmelweis
Childbirth
Phenol kills bacteria

A

Joseph lister

59
Q

Proof disease came from bacteria
1876
Anthrax

A

Robert Koch

Koch’s postulates

60
Q

Cowpox/smallpox

8 yr old volunteer

A

Edward Jenner

61
Q

Protection from a disease from a vaccine or recovery from the disease itself

62
Q

Produced from antivirulent microbial strains or killed microbe

63
Q

Treatment of disease using chemical substances

A

Chemotherapy

64
Q

Chemicals produced by bacteria or fungus to act against other microorganisms

A

Antibiotics

65
Q

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

A

Synthetic drugs

66
Q

Magic bullet hunts down pathogens without destroying the host

A

Paul erlich

67
Q

Penicillium Chrysogenum

Not until the 1940’s

A

Alexander Fleming

68
Q

Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus feacalis

A

Vancomycin resistant

69
Q

Scientific process

A

Observation hypothesis experimentation analysis conclusion

70
Q

Grouping organisms according to their similarities

71
Q

Made of rna and protein

72
Q

Bacilli, cocci, spirilla

A

Rods, spheres, spirals

73
Q

Strep (chain)
Staph (clusters)
Palisade

A

Arrangements

74
Q

Diplococci
Tetrads
Sarcinae

A

Pairs of cocci
Packets of 4
Packets of 8, 16, 32 cells

75
Q

Neisseriae

A

Bean shaped In Pairs

76
Q

Coccobacilli

77
Q

Vibrios

A

Curved rods

78
Q

Streptococci

A

Cocci in chains

79
Q

Streptomyces

A

Mold like fillimentus bacteria

80
Q

Spirochetes

81
Q

Prokaryotes are simpler organisms
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have attributes of living organisms
These organelles have their own dna and are enclosed in a double membrane
These organelles may have been engulfed by a larger cell
(Essay question!)

A

Endosymbiotic theory

82
Q

Schwann and schleiden*

A

Found that all plants and animals were made up of cells

83
Q

All life arises from previous life

A

Biogenesis

84
Q

The study of fungus

85
Q

The study of Protozoa and parasitic worms

A

Parasitology

86
Q

Study of an organisms genes

87
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Dmitri iwanowski

88
Q

Fragments of human or animal dna can be attached to bacterial dna resulting In a hybrid

A

Recombinant dna

89
Q

Recombinant dna (rdna) technology

A

Inserts recombinant Dna into bacteria to make large quantities of a desired protein

90
Q

How genetic information is carried in molecules of dna and how dna directs the synthesis of proteins

A

Molecular biology

91
Q

Bacteria are less complex
They can be cultivated In large #s
In a short time

A

Why use bacteria in research

92
Q

The study of the relationship between Microorganisms and the enevironment

A

Microbial ecology

93
Q

Commercial use of Microorganisms to produce some common foods and chemicals

A

Biotechnology

94
Q

Inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective gene in human cells

A

Gene therapy

95
Q

Variety of Microorganisms on and Inside our bodies

A

Normal microbiota or flora

96
Q

Ability to ward off disease

Interferons (antimicrobial chemicals)

A

Resistance

97
Q

Complex aggregation of microbes
Protect your mucus membranes from harmful microbes
Often resistant to antibiotics

98
Q

Disease in which a pathogen invades a susceptible host, carries at lease the part of it’s life cycle Inside the host

A

Infectious disease

99
Q

EIDs

A

Emerging Infectious Diseases

100
Q

MERS

A

Middle eastern respiratory syndrome

101
Q

SARS

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

102
Q

H1N1

A

Swine flu (influenza)

103
Q

H5N1

A

Avian influenza

104
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

105
Q

VISA

A

Vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus

106
Q

BSE

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Mad cow
Like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (human)

107
Q

Infectious protein

108
Q

E.coli O157:H7

A

Bloody diarrhea

Undercooked meat

109
Q

EHF

A

Ebola hemorrhagic fever

75% die

110
Q

Marberg virus

A

Another hemorrhagic fever

111
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Public water supply
Milwaukee
Diarrheal illness

112
Q

What is the identity of this mold?
What other organisms are being affected by this mold?
What is the mold doing to kill the bacteria?

A

Alexander Fleming’s experiments

113
Q

Grouping organisms according to similarities

114
Q 
Discovered by Carl woese
Lack Peptidoglycan 
Thermophiles 
Halophiles
Methanogens
115
Q

Unicellular
Absorb nutrients or engage in parasitism
Motile
Pseudopods (amoeba)

116
Q

Photosynthetic

Autotrophs (carbon fixation)

117
Q

Found that plants ad animals were made up of individual cells

A

Schwann and schleiden*

118
Q

All life arises from previous life

A

Biogenesis

Microbiology (11 decks)

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