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Microbiology > Pages 30 Through..... > Flashcards

Pages 30 Through..... Flashcards

1
Q

Not always present, carbohydrate – protein complex, coded for by viral genes, antigenic (Stimulate production of host antibodies), readily undergo mutation changing the structure of the _________ so no longer recognizable by previously made antibodies.

A

Spikes

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2
Q

Rabies, ebOla hemorrhagic fever

A

Examples of helical virus

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3
Q

Nucleic acid type, method of replication, morphology.

A

Viral Taxonomy

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4
Q

Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle

A

Bacteriophage

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5
Q

Virus enters bacteria, viral replication, lyse host bacteria.

A

Lytic cycle

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6
Q

Virus enters bacteria, viral genome integrated into bacterial chromosome, remains a part of bacteria until lytic cycle resumed

A

Lysogenic cycle

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7
Q

Not always present, external to capsid, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, sometimes formed by a host plasma membrane.

A

Envelope

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8
Q

Infect E. coli, follows lytic lifecycle, attachment to receptor on E. coli via tail fibers, penetration (uses lysozyme to we can so wall), biosynthesis, maturation, release.

A

T even bacteriophages

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9
Q

Early genes in code proteins for phage production, late genes and code capsid proteins. Eclipse period – No complete phage present just phage parts.

A

T even bacteriophages biosynthesis

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10
Q

Said, DNA, sheath, tail fibers, pin, baseplate, lysozymes.

A

Bacteriophage parts

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11
Q

Lambda phage, step one phage injects DNA, step two phage DNA circularizes and enters lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle, step three DNA and proteins are assembled into verions, step four cell lysis releasing phage virions

A

Lytic cycle

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12
Q

Lambda phage, step one phage injects DNA, step two DNA circularizes and enters lysogenic cycle, step three phage DNA integrates with bacterial chromosome by recombination becoming a prophage, step for lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally. Excision of prophage (following stress) virus enters the lytic cycle.

A

Lysogenic cycle

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13
Q

Step one prophage exists in host cell, step two phage genome excises carrying with it adjacent gene from host, step three phage matures and cell lyses releasing phage carrying host gene, step for phage infects cell, step five prophage and host DNA become integrated into new host DNA, step six lysogenic cell can metabolize galactose.

A

Specialized transduction

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14
Q

Proteins and glycoproteins on host cell, penetration results in capsid on inside of host cell, endocytosis, fusion with plasma membrane, uncoating, removal of protein coat from viral nucleic acid.

A

Animal viruses

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15
Q

Viral proteins replicate viral DNA in host nucleus, viral capsids are produced in the cytoplasm, capsid and proteins are transported to the nucleus, verion is constructed, verion transported to cell membrane by endoplasmic reticulum- Golgi membrane- release

A

DNA viruses

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16
Q

Lysogenized host cells have been implicated in cancer

A

Papovavirus

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17
Q

Buying two enzyme at some other location other than the active site.causes alteration in the shape of the enzyme which results in an activation of the enzyme. Mercury is an example.

A

Noncompetitive inhibitior

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18
Q

Chemicals compete with substrates for the binding site on an enzyme.
Resemble substrates but cannot be converted into product. Reversible or irreversible.

A

Competitive inhibition

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19
Q

Sulfa drugs compete for binding of enzyme in folic acid biosynthesis. Bacterial growth is inhibited due to blocked pathway. Humans do not have the folic acid biosynthetic pathway.

A

How sulfa drugs work/ competitive inhibition

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20
Q

Protein catalyst. Reduces the activation energy required for the reaction. Not altered by the reaction. Increases the rate of the reaction. Specific to a particular reaction. Active site for substrate binding. Mediated by substrate concentration.

A

Enzymes

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21
Q

Non-protein component of enzymes required by some

A

Cofactors

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22
Q

NaDh, FADH, shuttle electrons

A

Coenzymes

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23
Q

Maximum conversion of substrate to product. When all enzymes are bound to substrate.

A

Maximum velocity of the enzyme

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24
Q

PH, temperature, salt concentrations, cofactor availability.

A

What alters enzyme function (shape, bending bonds)

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25
Q

Energy source comes from chemicals, chemotrophs. Carbon source? Organic compounds. Final electronic exceptor 02. Animals fungi protozoa bacteria

A

Chemoheterotroph

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26
Q

Chemoheterotroph. Final electronic acceptor not O2.

Organic compound or inorganic compound.

A

Fermentation or electron transport chain.

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27
Q

Energy source, light, phototrophs, carbon source, CO2, photoautotroph, uses H2O to reduce CO2, oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Plants algae cyanobacteria

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28
Q

Induces chromosome alteration. Remove the piece of # 8 to the end of #14, translocations. Interferes with cell death. Causes Burkitt’s lymphoma.

A

Epstein-Barr virus

29
Q

Inserts viral genome into host chromosome. Overrides cell cycle control. Found in cervical cancer us.

A

HPV – human papillomavirus

30
Q

Caused by insertional mutation of RNA virus

A

T-cell leukemia

31
Q

Mostly from rna retroviruses (viral DNA synthesized from viral RNA). Viral DNA inserts into host chromosome. May carry oncogenes in viral genome insertion may trigger host proto-oncogenes

A

Viruses and cancer

32
Q

Viruses use existing host cell biology for their own replication. Attacking these functions will have a negative impact on host.

A

Antiviral medications

33
Q

Really only effective method of dealing with viruses. Prevention not cure.

A

Vaccines

34
Q

Bar viral penetration. Bar transcription and translation. Prevent viral maturation.

A

Antiviral drug therapy targets

35
Q

Interferes with the viruses ability to bind to receptors on the outside surface of the cell it tries to enter

A

Entry inhibitor

36
Q

Interfere with the viruses ability to fuse with the cellular membrane preventing virus from entering a cell.

A

Fusion inhibitors

37
Q

Prevent the hiv enzyme reverse transcriptase from converting single-stranded HIV RNA into a double-stranded HIV DNA

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

38
Q

When a faulty building block is added to a growing HIV DNA chain no further correct dna building blocks can be added halting HIV DNA synthesis

A

Nucleside/nucleotide RT inhibitors are faulty building blocks for DNA

39
Q

Bind to RT, interfering with its ability to convert HIV RNA into HIV DNA.

A

Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors

40
Q

Block the HIV enzyme intgrase which the virus uses to integrate it’s genetic material into the DNA of the cell it has infected

A

Integrase inhibitors

41
Q

Interfere with the HIV enzyme called protease which cut HIV proteins into smaller individual proteins. Nip and tuck proteins will affect all cells.

A

Protease inhibitors

42
Q

One pill

A

Combination drugs

43
Q

Retrovirus, acquired by intimate contact, parenteral, invades T helper lymphocytes, attaches to Cd4 proteins on T cell surface. Reverse transcriptase is used in viral replication

A

HIV/AIDS

44
Q

HIV replication

A

See diagram in book

45
Q

25% of those infected will clear the virus on their own. Shows that The immune system is capable of mounting effective response, five years from a vaccine harvoni 90% cure rate

A

Hepatitis C

46
Q

Inflammation of the liver, the most common cause of liver cancer, a B and C are common types, D requires prior infection by b

A

Hepatitis

47
Q

Single-stranded RNA a virus, vaccine available

A

Hepatitis a

48
Q

DN a virus Parenteral, intimate contact, chronic liver disease, vaccine

A

Hepatitis B

49
Q

Single-stranded RNA a virus, parenteral chronic liver disease, no vaccine.

A

Hepatitis C

50
Q

Latent virus you never get rid of reemerges from the nervous system (support cells and nerves) Symplex is cold sores, Vericella virus chickenpox, lymphocrypto virus mononucleosis, Roseolovirus roseola, reemergence doing due to immunosuppression stress UV radiation hormonal shifts.

A

Herpes

51
Q

Spikes attach to receptors, anti-sense RNA virus makes positive RNA to make proteins, genes for spikes mutate easily and often

A

Influenza

52
Q

Injection of blood or bodily fluids, needlesticks, sharing needles.

A

Parenteral

53
Q

+ sense strands function as messenger RNA, can translate proteins directly from the strands, most encode proteins which repress host RNA polymerase, RNA dependent RNA polymerase

A

RNA viruses

54
Q

Synthesizes the compliment strand of RNA, if reading the plus strand, makes the minus sense strand

A

Rna dependent RNA polymerase

55
Q

All RNA synthesis and capsid protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell, maturation – package viral RNA into capsid, release from host cell

A

RNA virus pathway

56
Q

The capacity to do chemical work, transport work, mechanical work.

A

Energy

57
Q

Entropy

A

Randomness

58
Q

Endergonic

A

Requires energy

Change in G is greater than zero

59
Q

Exergonic

A

Releases energy

Change in G is less than zero

60
Q

Classes of chemical reactions

A

Redox reaction
Dehydrogenation reaction
Phosphorylation reaction

61
Q

Redox reaction

A

One substrate is oxidized and the other is reduced

62
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of an electron from an Atom or molecule, often produces energy

63
Q

The gain of an electron by an atom or molecule

A

Reduction

64
Q

The removal of one proton/one electron. Most biological oxidations.

A

Dehydrogenation

65
Q

Addition of a phosphate group. ATP is the energy Currency of cells.

A

Phosphorylation

66
Q

ATP is usually generated when a high-energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound (a substrate) to adp.

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

67
Q

Pulls and electron

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

68
Q

Electrons from photosynthetic pigments are excited to a higher level by light energy

A

Photophosphorylation

69
Q

Assists enzymes by excepting hydrogen Adams that have been removed from a substrate. This energy can be used to generate ATP later reactions.

A

N a D +

Microbiology (11 decks)

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