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Question 1

Not always present, carbohydrate – protein complex, coded for by viral genes, antigenic (Stimulate production of host antibodies), readily undergo mutation changing the structure of the _________ so no longer recognizable by previously made antibodies.

Answer 1

Spikes

Question 2

Rabies, ebOla hemorrhagic fever

Answer 2

Examples of helical virus

Question 3

Nucleic acid type, method of replication, morphology.

Answer 3

Viral Taxonomy

Question 4

Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle

Answer 4

Bacteriophage

Question 5

Virus enters bacteria, viral replication, lyse host bacteria.

Answer 5

Lytic cycle

Question 6

Virus enters bacteria, viral genome integrated into bacterial chromosome, remains a part of bacteria until lytic cycle resumed

Answer 6

Lysogenic cycle

Question 7

Not always present, external to capsid, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, sometimes formed by a host plasma membrane.

Answer 7

Envelope

Question 8

Infect E. coli, follows lytic lifecycle, attachment to receptor on E. coli via tail fibers, penetration (uses lysozyme to we can so wall), biosynthesis, maturation, release.

Answer 8

T even bacteriophages

Question 9

Early genes in code proteins for phage production, late genes and code capsid proteins. Eclipse period – No complete phage present just phage parts.

Answer 9

T even bacteriophages biosynthesis

Question 10

Said, DNA, sheath, tail fibers, pin, baseplate, lysozymes.

Answer 10

Bacteriophage parts

Question 11

Lambda phage, step one phage injects DNA, step two phage DNA circularizes and enters lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle, step three DNA and proteins are assembled into verions, step four cell lysis releasing phage virions

Answer 11

Lytic cycle

Question 12

Lambda phage, step one phage injects DNA, step two DNA circularizes and enters lysogenic cycle, step three phage DNA integrates with bacterial chromosome by recombination becoming a prophage, step for lysogenic bacterium reproduces normally. Excision of prophage (following stress) virus enters the lytic cycle.

Answer 12

Lysogenic cycle

Question 13

Step one prophage exists in host cell, step two phage genome excises carrying with it adjacent gene from host, step three phage matures and cell lyses releasing phage carrying host gene, step for phage infects cell, step five prophage and host DNA become integrated into new host DNA, step six lysogenic cell can metabolize galactose.

Answer 13

Specialized transduction

Question 14

Proteins and glycoproteins on host cell, penetration results in capsid on inside of host cell, endocytosis, fusion with plasma membrane, uncoating, removal of protein coat from viral nucleic acid.

Answer 14

Animal viruses

Question 15

Viral proteins replicate viral DNA in host nucleus, viral capsids are produced in the cytoplasm, capsid and proteins are transported to the nucleus, verion is constructed, verion transported to cell membrane by endoplasmic reticulum- Golgi membrane- release

Answer 15

DNA viruses

Question 16

Lysogenized host cells have been implicated in cancer

Answer 16

Papovavirus

Question 17

Buying two enzyme at some other location other than the active site.causes alteration in the shape of the enzyme which results in an activation of the enzyme. Mercury is an example.

Answer 17

Noncompetitive inhibitior

Question 18

Chemicals compete with substrates for the binding site on an enzyme.
Resemble substrates but cannot be converted into product. Reversible or irreversible.

Answer 18

Competitive inhibition

Question 19

Sulfa drugs compete for binding of enzyme in folic acid biosynthesis. Bacterial growth is inhibited due to blocked pathway. Humans do not have the folic acid biosynthetic pathway.

Answer 19

How sulfa drugs work/ competitive inhibition

Question 20

Protein catalyst. Reduces the activation energy required for the reaction. Not altered by the reaction. Increases the rate of the reaction. Specific to a particular reaction. Active site for substrate binding. Mediated by substrate concentration.

Answer 20

Enzymes

Question 21

Non-protein component of enzymes required by some

Answer 21

Cofactors

Question 22

NaDh, FADH, shuttle electrons

Answer 22

Coenzymes

Question 23

Maximum conversion of substrate to product. When all enzymes are bound to substrate.

Answer 23

Maximum velocity of the enzyme

Question 24

PH, temperature, salt concentrations, cofactor availability.

Answer 24

What alters enzyme function (shape, bending bonds)

Question 25

Energy source comes from chemicals, chemotrophs. Carbon source? Organic compounds. Final electronic exceptor 02. Animals fungi protozoa bacteria

Answer 25

Chemoheterotroph

Question 26

Chemoheterotroph. Final electronic acceptor not O2. Organic compound or inorganic compound.

Answer 26

Fermentation or electron transport chain.

Question 27

Energy source, light, phototrophs, carbon source, CO2, photoautotroph, uses H2O to reduce CO2, oxygenic photosynthesis

Answer 27

Plants algae cyanobacteria

Question 28

Induces chromosome alteration. Remove the piece of # 8 to the end of #14, translocations. Interferes with cell death. Causes Burkitt's lymphoma.

Answer 28

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 29

Inserts viral genome into host chromosome. Overrides cell cycle control. Found in cervical cancer us.

Answer 29

HPV – human papillomavirus

Question 30

Caused by insertional mutation of RNA virus

Answer 30

T-cell leukemia

Question 31

Mostly from rna retroviruses (viral DNA synthesized from viral RNA). Viral DNA inserts into host chromosome. May carry oncogenes in viral genome insertion may trigger host proto-oncogenes

Answer 31

Viruses and cancer

Question 32

Viruses use existing host cell biology for their own replication. Attacking these functions will have a negative impact on host.

Answer 32

Antiviral medications

Question 33

Really only effective method of dealing with viruses. Prevention not cure.

Answer 33

Vaccines

Question 34

Bar viral penetration. Bar transcription and translation. Prevent viral maturation.

Answer 34

Antiviral drug therapy targets

Question 35

Interferes with the viruses ability to bind to receptors on the outside surface of the cell it tries to enter

Answer 35

Entry inhibitor

Question 36

Interfere with the viruses ability to fuse with the cellular membrane preventing virus from entering a cell.

Answer 36

Fusion inhibitors

Question 37

Prevent the hiv enzyme reverse transcriptase from converting single-stranded HIV RNA into a double-stranded HIV DNA

Answer 37

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 38

When a faulty building block is added to a growing HIV DNA chain no further correct dna building blocks can be added halting HIV DNA synthesis

Answer 38

Nucleside/nucleotide RT inhibitors are faulty building blocks for DNA

Question 39

Bind to RT, interfering with its ability to convert HIV RNA into HIV DNA.

Answer 39

Non-nucleoside RT inhibitors

Question 40

Block the HIV enzyme intgrase which the virus uses to integrate it's genetic material into the DNA of the cell it has infected

Answer 40

Integrase inhibitors

Question 41

Interfere with the HIV enzyme called protease which cut HIV proteins into smaller individual proteins. Nip and tuck proteins will affect all cells.

Answer 41

Protease inhibitors

Question 42

One pill

Answer 42

Combination drugs

Question 43

Retrovirus, acquired by intimate contact, parenteral, invades T helper lymphocytes, attaches to Cd4 proteins on T cell surface. Reverse transcriptase is used in viral replication

Answer 43

HIV/AIDS

Question 44

HIV replication

Answer 44

See diagram in book

Question 45

25% of those infected will clear the virus on their own. Shows that The immune system is capable of mounting effective response, five years from a vaccine harvoni 90% cure rate

Answer 45

Hepatitis C

Question 46

Inflammation of the liver, the most common cause of liver cancer, a B and C are common types, D requires prior infection by b

Answer 46

Hepatitis

Question 47

Single-stranded RNA a virus, vaccine available

Answer 47

Hepatitis a

Question 48

DN a virus Parenteral, intimate contact, chronic liver disease, vaccine

Answer 48

Hepatitis B

Question 49

Single-stranded RNA a virus, parenteral chronic liver disease, no vaccine.

Answer 49

Hepatitis C

Question 50

Latent virus you never get rid of reemerges from the nervous system (support cells and nerves) Symplex is cold sores, Vericella virus chickenpox, lymphocrypto virus mononucleosis, Roseolovirus roseola, reemergence doing due to immunosuppression stress UV radiation hormonal shifts.

Answer 50

Herpes

Question 51

Spikes attach to receptors, anti-sense RNA virus makes positive RNA to make proteins, genes for spikes mutate easily and often

Answer 51

Influenza

Question 52

Injection of blood or bodily fluids, needlesticks, sharing needles.

Answer 52

Parenteral

Question 53

+ sense strands function as messenger RNA, can translate proteins directly from the strands, most encode proteins which repress host RNA polymerase, RNA dependent RNA polymerase

Answer 53

RNA viruses

Question 54

Synthesizes the compliment strand of RNA, if reading the plus strand, makes the minus sense strand

Answer 54

Rna dependent RNA polymerase

Question 55

All RNA synthesis and capsid protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell, maturation – package viral RNA into capsid, release from host cell

Answer 55

RNA virus pathway

Question 56

The capacity to do chemical work, transport work, mechanical work.

Answer 56

Energy

Question 57

Entropy

Answer 57

Randomness

Question 58

Endergonic

Answer 58

Requires energy | Change in G is greater than zero

Question 59

Exergonic

Answer 59

Releases energy | Change in G is less than zero

Question 60

Classes of chemical reactions

Answer 60

Redox reaction Dehydrogenation reaction Phosphorylation reaction

Question 61

Redox reaction

Answer 61

One substrate is oxidized and the other is reduced

Question 62

Oxidation

Answer 62

The loss of an electron from an Atom or molecule, often produces energy

Question 63

The gain of an electron by an atom or molecule

Answer 63

Reduction

Question 64

The removal of one proton/one electron. Most biological oxidations.

Answer 64

Dehydrogenation

Question 65

Addition of a phosphate group. ATP is the energy Currency of cells.

Answer 65

Phosphorylation

Question 66

ATP is usually generated when a high-energy phosphate is directly transferred from a phosphorylated compound (a substrate) to adp.

Answer 66

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 67

Pulls and electron

Answer 67

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 68

Electrons from photosynthetic pigments are excited to a higher level by light energy

Answer 68

Photophosphorylation

Question 69

Assists enzymes by excepting hydrogen Adams that have been removed from a substrate. This energy can be used to generate ATP later reactions.

Answer 69

N a D +