Pages 22 through 29 and chapter 4

Question 1

Filament, hook, basil body, embedded in the cell wall and plasma membrane, phosphorylation event causes motion, run and tumble, in gram negative bacteria

Answer 1

Flagellum

Question 2

1) Specific for attachment to surfaces 2) specific for conjugation

Answer 2

Fimbriae or pili

Question 3

1) carbohydrate backbone consists of nag and nam 2) anchor for flagella 3) structure of Peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria 4) consists also of side chain and cross bridge amino acids

Answer 3

Cell wall

Question 4

1) multilayer Peptidoglycan (thick) 2) outside a the Glycocalyx 3) outside Of the plasma membrane

Answer 4

Gram positive

Question 5

1) E. Coli 2) plasma membrane/ Peptidoglycan and outer membrane (cell wall) 3) would release too many toxins if you used antibiotics

Answer 5

Gram negative

Question 6

1) disrupts Peptidoglycan synthesis (fission) 2) without Peptidoglycan cell walls are weak, results in rupture and death

Answer 6

Penicillin used to destroy bacteria

Question 7

1) produced by eukaryotes and bacteriophage 2) hydrolyses Peptidoglycan bonds 3) Weakened cell wall results in death 4) found in tears saliva and sweat

Answer 7

Lysozymes used to destroy bacteria

Question 8

1) etc location2) encloses cytoplasm 3) semipermeable depending on size, hydrophobicity, concentration gradient 4) enzymes for Atp embedded in membrane

Answer 8

Plasma membrane

Question 9

1) Outermost covering of bacteria 2) excreted from inside the cell 3)slime layer (loose organization) 3) protects Bactria from host immune system

Answer 9

Glycocalyx

Question 10

The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration To lower concentration

Answer 10

Diffusion

Question 11

Diffusion of water

Answer 11

Osmosis

Question 12

The pressure required to hold water back

Answer 12

Osmotic Pressure

Question 13

Same salt concentration, no net movement of water

Answer 13

Isotonic

Question 14

Lower salt concentration, net movement of water into a cell

Answer 14

Hypotonic

Question 15

Higher salt Concentration, net movement of water into a cell

Answer 15

Hypertonic

Question 16

Requires expenditure of energy, moves substance against it’s concentration gradient, relies upon transport proteins in the plasma membrane

Answer 16

Active transport

Question 17

1) exclusive to prokaryotes 2) substance is altered as it is transported across a membrane 3) alteration prevents passage back through the plasma membrane 4) example: glucose is phosphorylated so g-p can not pass back through the membrane 5) allows cells to sequester glucose in the cell

Answer 17

Group translocation

Question 18

Fluid held within the plasma membrane, 80% water other 20% proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

Answer 18

Cytoplasm

Question 19

No nucleus in prokaryotes, double stranded DNA circular chromosome), super coiled chromosome is attached to the plasma membrane at a single point

Answer 19

Nuclear area

Question 20

Extra-chromosomal DNA, self regulating and self replicating, not required for survival, location of drug resistance, transferable

Answer 20

Plasmids

Question 21

2 subunits of protein and rRNA, protein synthesis, 30s+50s combine to form 70s ribosome. In eukaryotes 80s ribosomes except for Mitochondria and chloroplasts (which are 70s)

Answer 21

Ribosomes

Question 22

Streptomycin - gentamicin attack the 30s subunit

Erythromycin - chloramphenicol attack the 50s subunit

Answer 22

Antibiotics developed to disrupt prokaryotic protien synthesis

Question 23

Storage areas in prokaryotes

Answer 23

Inclusions

Question 24

Obligate anerobes, formed during stress, sporulation Results in formation of dehydrated cells with thick protective layer; resistant to heat, desiccation, radiation toxins, good for eons, spores germinate into the vegetative form of the organism

Answer 24

Endospores

Question 25

Command center, surrounded by nuclear membrane, chromosome location, nucleopores allow for transporting

Answer 25

Nucleus

Question 26

Dark staining region of nucleus, high concentration of RNA and ribosome RNA subunits are synthesized here, subunits are transported (via nucleopores) to and are combined in the cytoplasm

Answer 26

Nucleolus

Question 27

Protein synthesis for the cell, consists of large and small subunit, located in the plasma or are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum,

Answer 27

Ribosomes

Question 28

Series of channels and tubes interconnected within the cytoplasm, surface is the site of carbohydrate and lipid synthesis, has ribosomes attached for synthesis of proteins for export (rough er) no ribosomes but involved in fats and steroids, detoxify drugs in liver (Smooth er)

Answer 28

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

Collection, packaging and distribution of materials through the cell. Receives materials from the er. Cisternae are special folds at the end of the Golgi bodies. Vesicles are formed by pinching off at the cisternae. Vesicles go to different areas of the cell or fuse with the plasma membrane to dump their contents outside of the cell.

Answer 29

Gigi apparatus

Question 30

Vesicles that contain enzymes that break down macromolecules. Fuse with endocytotic vesicles to break down what the cell engulfs, formed from the Golgi

Answer 30

Lysosomes

Question 31

Smaller (than lysosomes) vesicles that detoxify eukaryotic cells, enzymes are received from free ribosomes which convert fats to carbohydrates, have catalase which breaks down h2o2

Answer 31

Peroxisomes

Question 32

Energy production for the cell, atp is produced here, double cell membrane: a folded inner membrane and an outer membrane, contains it’s own DNA, crisTae provide surface area for reactions to take place

Answer 32

Mitochondria

Question 33

Each cell has a pair, these assemble microtubules which provide structural support, involved in cell division, 9 + 0 array

Answer 33

Centrioles

Question 34

Found in plants and algae, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast’s thylakoids, stacks granna (filled with stroma), they have this down DNA, larger than mitochondria

Answer 34

Chloroplasts

Question 35

Cillia and flagella, organization of microtubules, cilia are short and numerous, create movement by beating in a coordinated manner, flagella are few in # and create movement by whipping action

Answer 35

Cell mobility and motility

Question 36

Plants, space In The cytoplasm

Answer 36

Vacuoles

Question 37

Host nucleoplasm supplied nutrients and the endosymbiotic bacterium produced energy that could be used by nucleoplasm 1)mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria In Size and shape 2) they contain circular DNA 3) they reproduce independently of their hosts 4) their ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes 5) same antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria inhibit protein synthesis on ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 37

Endosymbiotic theory