Quiz #2 Flashcards
Inartistic pisteis
Evidence, testimony, data, etc
Artistic pisteis (proofs)
a. Logos (the speakers message)
b. Ethos (The speakers credibility)
i. Character
ii. Intelligence/ knowledge
iii. Goodwill
c. Pathos (Connects 1 and 2 with audience’s mood)
how the syllogism functions in the process of reasoning
Formal deduction
general premise to specific conclusion…. Enthymeme and syllogism
the enthymeme (also deductive reasoning, but different from the syllogism in important “rhetorical” ways)
informal logic/reasoning…. rhetoric… deductive…. must know audience
Parts of enthymeme: 1. major premise (general principle)…….. 2. minor premise (specific case)…… 3. conclusion
Example (inductive reasoning)
something specific that tells a larger point • Argument from example
Koine Greek
“Common” greek. ○ Language of the aristocracy and the adminstration
Senatus
(senate, latin from senex, old man, elder)
○ The council of elders
Consul
“Co-leaders”
cicero very concerned with this… highest position in Roman Republic
Republicanism
Republic = has consistution
cicero loved this. Rome was most successful during this time
Citizen-orator
used wisdom and eloquence
Perfectus orator
not flawless but has liberal education. complete orator. studies history, politics, law and public speaking. how you gain worldly wisdom
Vir bonus dicendi peritus
good man speaking well
Cicero
• Born in Arpinum, Italy • Moved to Rome for education • Began legal career in 81 BC ○ Only 25 years old ○ Perhaps the greatest lawyer in history
concerned with consul. great lawyer. greatest roman orator. defender of the republic. Isocratian and Aristoleinian. brought wisdom (philosopher) and eloquence (sophists) together
Quintilian
• Quintilian ○ Born in Calagurris, La Rioja in Hispania • Father sent him to Rome ○ Educated early during Nero's reign • Returns to Spain ○ Begins legal career • Returns to Rome in 68 AD ○ Opens public school • Institutio Oratoria ○ The institutes of Oratory
born in spain. lawyer. bene dicendi scientia and vigornus dicendi peritus. spoke with cicero in mind. romes most famous teacher of rhetoric. judicial advocate
Cicero’s De Oratore
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Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria (The Institutes of Oratory)
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Quintilian’s definition of oratory (i.e. rhetoric)
Good man speaking well.
the ways the syllogism and enthymeme are similar and different
• Form
○ Major premise: general principle, widely-accepted “truism,” community values, “common sense”
○ Minor premise: specific instance, case
The syllogism is used by philosophers for formal logic. They want everything to be stated explicitly. The enthymeme is
what Aristotle claims about human emotions and their role in rhetoric and reasoning
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three (3) types of rhetoric and what each deals with
- Forensic/ judicial (the past)
a. Justice v. injustice
b. Kategoria (accusation) and apologia (defense)- Epideictic/ ceremonial (the present)
a. Honor v. dishonor
b. Eulogia (praise) and psogos (blame) - Deliberative (the future)
a. Utility
b. Reward/ benefit and injury/ cost
- Epideictic/ ceremonial (the present)
What was Hellenism? And what was Rome’s attitude toward the Hellenistic system of education
Involved Koine Greek and Rhetoric, which was the core of education in hellenistic states
Cicero’s reputation as a lawyer
Greatest lawyer in history
why Cicero was described as the “New Man”
cicero - parents were not well off or in government positions
important elements of Cicero’s career
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Cicero’s reputation as an orator and Latin writer on the subject of rhetoric
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how and why Cicero came to be considered “a martyr for republicanism”
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The Five Classical Canons of Oration
- Inventio (Invention of the Arguments to be used in a Speech)
- Dispositio (Disposition/Arrangement of the Parts of the Speech)
- Elocutio (Elocution) and the three levels or types of style of language
- Memoria (Memory/Memorization) and the cultural expectation when a
Roman delivered a public speech; why we refer to Memoria as the
“lost” canon - Pronuntiatio/Actio (Delivery of a speech) and what it relates to in the
delivery process
All six (6) core ideas of Cicero’s practice of and teachings about rhetoric/oratory, esp. what Cicero accuses Socrates of doing to wisdom and eloquence and how Cicero tries to counteract it
.1. Accused Socrates of The Great Divorce
- Combined Wisdom and Eloquence
- Accused Plato of hypocrisy
- Philosophy = statecraft, practical ethics (isocrates and Aristotle)
a. Edmund Burke:
i. The world is uncertain…therefore….we should try to preserve order and tradition in order to prevent chaos. - Devotion to republicanism (rejection of tyranny and monarchy)
- Jurisprudence: law creates community though controlled controversy
Cicero’s views of Plato.
thought plato separated eloquence from wisdom (clarity of thought)
the political context during Quintilian’s time (e.g., constraints on freedom of speech in what form?)
.Political system
• Roman Republic (Constitution)
• Senatus (senate, latin from senex, old man, elder)
○ The council of elders
• Highest positions: consul (co-leaders)
Legal system
• System of standing courts (around 7) to deal with recurring crimes (e.g. murder)
• 75 judges for more important cases, 51 for others
• Prosecutor was not a state official
○ Any citizen could charge another citizen
○ Citizens turned to professional advocates (lawyers)
○ Judges voted guilty, not guilty, not proven
§ Scottish legal system still has not proven
Quintilian’s views on ethos and how those ideas differ from Aristotle’s
Quintilianus’ Core Ideas
1. Oratory is the "good man, speaking well" 2. Only "good" men may be properly called "orators" 3. For Quintilian, ethos is the actual character of the speaker 4. Oratory/ rhetoric is a virtue
Ethos: Quintilian v. Aristotle
• For Quintilian, ethos is the actual character of the speaker
• Before
• During
• And after the speech
• The speakers actual character, intelligence, and demonstration of good will toward the audience
• How is this different from aristotle
why Quintilian considers oratory/rhetoric to be a “virtue;”
- Oratory is “the good man, speaking well.”
- But if eloquence be the art of speaking well, the definition which I adopt), so that a true orator must be, above all, a good man, it must assuredly be acknowledged that it is a useful art.
- Makes oratory useful to the individual and state
after whom Quintilian modeled his concept of the perfectus orator (“ideal orator”);
Cicero is the consummate orator
○ Cicero is the dieal that quintilian promotes
Quintilian’s reputation as a teacher of rhetoric in Rome.
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