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Rhetorical Tradition > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Rhema

A

an utterance

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2
Q

Rhesis

A

A speech

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3
Q

Arts of the logos

A

or the appeal to logic, means to convince an audience by use of logic or reason.

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4
Q

rhetorike

A

Plato’s word for rhetoric

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5
Q

philosophia

A

The love and search for wisdom

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6
Q

isegoria

A

a guarantee of equal opportunity to speak freely in public settings and assembly

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7
Q

parrhesia

A

a no boundary speech

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8
Q

sophos

A

the wise one

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9
Q

logographer

A

speech writers, sophists, who could be hired for a high fee

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10
Q

arête

A

including virtue, personal excellence and even the ability to manage one’s personal affairs in an intelligent manner so as to succeed in public life. also suggested all of the qualities taken to be marks of natural leaders

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11
Q

dissoi logoi

A

opposing viewpoints/contradictory arguments

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12
Q

probabilities

A

things that could happen

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13
Q

contingencies

A

practical questions about matters that confront everyone and about which there are no definite and unavoidable answers
changes

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14
Q

kairos

A

what is right for that specific moment, knowledge of the past is important, fitting response, study situation (r and t)

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15
Q

Parmenides

A

reason and revelation

permanent - cannot kill period nothing changes, only permanent change

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16
Q

Heraclitus

A

rhetoric is “t” and “r”

riddler - look at options and consequences essence of universe is dynamic and always changing

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17
Q

Empedocles

A

originator of the cosmogenic theory

very shadowy figure who taught Gorgias invented the art of rhetoric

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18
Q

Protagoras

A

The first important sophist.
“the father of debate”
persuasion: ability - can all develop it.

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19
Q

Gorgias

A

Gorgias of Leontini was a Greek (non-Athenian) sophist and rhetorician who formed part of the first generation of sophists in Ancient Greece around 485-380 B.C. He asserted to have the skill of persuasion and thought rhetoric to have magical powers over words due to language’s ability to control the mind. Gorgias was also big in the use of rhyme and style in order to make his arguments more convincing and “magical”.

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20
Q

Isocrates

A

believed in phronesis - tied together sophists and socratics
different because he was concerned about building good citizens believed in kairos knows he cannot teach virtue but knows it can be morally impoving

21
Q

Donald C. Bryant’s definition of rhetoric

A

art of adjusting ideas to people and people to ideas

22
Q

Marie Hochmuth Nichols’ definition of rhetoric

A

A means of so ordering discourse as to produce an effect on the listener or reader

23
Q

Kenneth Burke’s definition of rhetoric

A

The use of language as a symbolic means of inducing cooperation in beings, that by nature, respond to symbols.” ~Claimed by sociology English and communication

24
Q

Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric

A

ability in each particular case to see all the available means of persuasion. Rhetoric is just the antistrophos of dialect (flip side of coin

25
Q

George Kennedy’s distinction between “Technical rhetoric” and “Philosophic rhetoric;”

A

Technical rhetoric: how to _______ —practical methods for advocacy (how to write good speech etc.) Philosophical rhetoric: Philosophic rhetoric: debate about the relationship of rhetoric to other forms of human inquiry

26
Q

the three (3) things which “rhetoric,” within the humanistic study of communication, emphasizes

A
  1. study texts. 2 deals with time. 3 civic participation/responsibility
27
Q

three (3) types of responses persuasion seeks to affect

A
  1. response-shaping, 2. response-reinforcing 3. response-changing
28
Q

The ideas of Parmenides and Heraclitus about the essence of the universe, and which tradition (i.e., Heraclitian or Parmenidian), primarily, has been dominant in the study and practice of rhetoric in the Western world

A

Heraclitus: No man ever steps in the same river twice, for it’s not the same river and he’s not the same man.

Heraclitus believed that the universe was governed by a divine logos or reason. This fundamental law of the universe held all things in perfect balance. According to Heraclitus, the unity of the universe is composed of a balancing of opposites. Day becomes night and hot will become cold. The continuous changing of reality was the one fundamental constancy within the cosmos. This belief lead Heraclitus to the conclusion that all things are always in flux and that the only thing that did not change was change itself.

Parmenides: Through deductive reasoning, Parmenides concluded that something that exists (it is) cannot also not exist (it is not). This would involve a logical contradiction. This thinking would lead Parmenides to conclude that a state of nothingness was impossible. A void in the universe or reality could not be. Parmenides then concluded that something could not have been created from nothing, the universe could not have sprang from an empty void. Additionally anything that exists could not logically go into a state of non existence. Therefore all that exists must have always existed in some form or another.

This idea of permanence means that something that is permanent can not change into something else without it ceasing to be permanent. Fundamental change, therefore, is impossible. All things are, they have existed and will always exist in one form or another. This idea of unchanging permanence lead Parmenides to conclude that there is an indivisible unity within the universe

29
Q

which tradition encompasses Reason and/or Revelation as the means to understanding “Truth” and which promotes rhetoric as the means of creating “truth.”

A

Parmendian

30
Q

three (3) aspects of Athenian life that focused Greek attention on, and emphasized the importance of, public speaking

A
  1. legal system 2. political system 3. culture based on spoken word
31
Q

why it is important to understand Athens as a “contest” society and the influence this had on some of the Sophists.

A
  • this explains why the sophists were focused on rhetoric and the best possible arguments
  • it explains why the sophists were so oriented on speaking and communication
32
Q

general characteristics of the Sophists

A

technical rhetoric and doxa

33
Q

the multiple reasons Herrick lists/explains why the Sophists were often disliked

A

1.taught for pay, 2. they were foreigners who had relocated to Athens, 3. they were from outside of the Hellenistic world and they had a habit of traveling, 4. truth emerged from clash of arguments, 5. built a view of justice on the notion of social agreement or nomos

34
Q

Protagoras: his importance to the Sophistic Movement

A

FIrst important sophist

led the sophistic movement in athens

the father of debate

35
Q

Protagoras: where he was from (i.e., not Athens)

A

Abdera, Thrace

36
Q

Protagoras: his view of truth

A

no absolute truth

37
Q

Protagoras: what he is primarily remembered for teaching/practicing in relation to rhetoric (i.e., his three (3) most famous, and controversial, ideas/dictums/claims that reveal perspectives on human communication);

A
  1. Man is the measure of all things (not the gods)
  2. For every perspective, there is at least one opposing perspective a. Dissoi logoi – opposing viewpoints
  3. Take weaker argument and make it look stronger
38
Q

Protagoras: implications of those teachings as we’ve discussed them in class

A

Out adverserial legal system is based on making the weaker case appear stronger

39
Q

Protagoras: he’s also known as the “Father of . . .”?

A

debate

40
Q

Gorgias: who was his teacher/primary influence;

A

Empedocles.

41
Q

Gorgias: in what country he was born and later represented as an ambassador to Athens

A

Leontini in Sicily. olitical ambassador seeking military assistance against Syracuse, a city-state in Sicily

42
Q

Gorgias: his “specialty” in public speaking

A

extemporaneous oratory, and that he had the boldness to say “‘suggest a subject’ …he was the first to proclaim himself willing to take the chance, showing apparently that he knew everything and would trust the moment to speak on any subject.

43
Q

Gorgias: ; his view of truth as it seems to appear in the three (3) aspects of his argument in “On Nature”/”On Not Being”/“On the Non-Existent” discussed in class and in the Herrick text

A

“if the nonexistent exists, it will both exist and not exist at the same time”

“if things considered [imagined or thought] in the mind are not existent, the existent is not considered” (B3.77), that is to say, existence is incomprehensible.

Finally, Gorgias proclaims that even if existence could be apprehended, “it would be incapable of being conveyed to another”

44
Q

Gorgias: what we think Gorgias might have meant by arguing the way he did about “Nothing exists; if it did we couldn’t know it, . . . ” and the implications of those teachings

A

1.Nothing exists (until you name it, language is powerful), 2. If it did we couldn’t know it, 3. Couldn’t communicate it

45
Q

Gorgias: what Gorgias taught/practiced about the power of words in relation to human emotions

A

attention to inherent ppwer of words to capture and move the human spirit

46
Q

Gorgias: view of kairos.

A

what is right for that specific moment, knowledge of the past is important, fitting response, study situation (r and t)

47
Q

What is the hericlitan tradition?

A
  • rhetoric is a means of creating truth

- question things to understand the truth

48
Q

What is the permindian tradition?

A
  • uses reason or revelation as a means to understanding truth
  • rhetoric is secondary

Rhetorical Tradition (10 decks)

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