Exam #2 Flashcards
euangélion
gospel
euangelistḗs
evangelist
Greco-Roman sapientia saeculi
Intellectual base for Christiana Tempora?
Contemporary pagan culture: greco-roman sapientia saeculi
libros gentilium
Bishops forbidden: no libros gentilium, unless necessary
modus inveniendi (materia
means of discovering scripture
Discover (hermeneutics: interpretation)
- Modus inveniendi (materia) Book 1-3
hermeneutics
interpretation
modus proferendi (eloquentia)
means of expressing what you found in scripture
Declare (homiletics: explanation)
- Modus proferendi (eloquentia) Book 4
homiletics
.explanation
ratio eloquentiae Christianae
.
la Rinascita
The Italian Renaissance
“The rebirth” in all things classical
humanitas
○ Emphasis on individual creative abilities
Not necessarily anti-Christian
uomo universale
Universal Man (Renaissance Man)
wisdom was joined to eloquence
studia humanitatis
A course of Classical studies, in the early 15th century consisting of grammar, poetry, rhetoric, history, and moral philosophy
res & verba
res: substance or matter of one’s arguments
verba: words in which that matter was advanced
umanista
a teacher or student of classical literature and the arts associated with it including rhetoric
oratio
public property of a speech
ratio
reason
vita activa versus vita contemplativa
Valla: Active life vs contemplative life.
Jesus
Adept at public speaking § “Sermon on the Mount”
§ Matthew, Chapters 5,6,and 7
○ Adept at argumentation
§ Engages in dialectic with Pharisees
§ Matthew 15:1-9
§ Mark 12:13-17, 18-27
§ Luke 10:25-37
§ How to argue like jesus: learning persuasion from histories greatest communicator (Carter and coleman 2009)
Ambrose
Bishop. Latin-speaking early church fathers.
Cyprian
Cyprian (formerly taught rhetoric at Carthage): renounced profane letters.
Had been teacher of rhetoric before converting to Christianity
Tertullian
He did not like Greek philosophy and other pagan writings and didn’t want to learn from them. “Everything we need to know about rhetoric is in the bible.”
Had been teacher of rhetoric before converting to Christianity
Augustine of Hippo
Life and work: ○ Educated at Carthage, Africa
○ Heavily influenced by Cicero
○ Taught sophistic rhetoric
○ Traveled to Rome to teach rhetoric
○ Becomes friends with Bishop Ambrose
○ Converts to Christianity
○ Later: Bishop of Hippo (AD 395) currently, Bona; near nothern Algeria, North Africa
○ De Doctrine Christiana
§ Four volumes
§ First three books: ca AD 396
• Of the Latin-speaking early church fathers (St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, and St Augustine), Augustine was the “most influential writer and thinker on rhetorical matters.”
Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch)
• Petrarch (1304-1374) ○ Italian poet & man of letters • A model for thinking, writing, and acting in society ○ Faithfully Christian ○ Developed individual talents • Humanitas ○ "We all see the world in a different way" § We're unique ○ -1345 discovers Cicero's letters ○ Letters to convey personal and literary style ○ An ideal of cultivated learning ○ Combine § Literary art § Moral philosophy § Civic responsibility • "The Renaissance Man"
Desiderious Erasmus
was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.
Erasmus was a classical scholar and wrote in a pure Latin style. Among humanists he enjoyed the sobriquet “Prince of the Humanists”, and has been called “the crowning glory of the Christian humanists”.[3] Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament, which raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation
Lorenzo (or Laurentius) Valla
- Valla (1407-1457)
- “Philosophy is like a soldier…under the command of oratory”
- Vita Contemplativa (Contemplative life) vs Vita Activa (Active life)
- Public property: Ratio & Oratio
- To lead the contemplative life is to rob the public of a well informed citizenry that is important to democracy
Rudolph Agricola
interested in classical rhetoric/dialectic, influenced by Italian humanist tradition, DIALECTIC, ornamentation
Rhetorical theorist: argued that speaking and oration was a gift from god
Peter Ramus
- Ramus (1515-1572)
- MA thesis: Aristotle is useless
- Published books attacking Cicero and Quintilian
- Regius professor of eloquence and philosophy
- Becomes a protestant
- Roman Catholic Queen consort of France Catherine de Medici orders the Saint Barthlomew Massacre. It is during this he is murdered
What quote is from The Gospel of Saint Luke, Chapter 4, verse 16 through verse 22 (Luke 4:16-22)
And he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up: and, as his custom was, he went into the synagogue on the sabbath day, and stood up for to read.
17 And there was delivered unto him the book of the prophet Esaias. And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written,
18 The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised,
19 To preach the acceptable year of the Lord.
20 And he closed the book, and he gave it again to the minister, and sat down. And the eyes of all them that were in the synagogue were fastened on him.
21 And he began to say unto them, This day is this scripture fulfilled in your ears.
22 And all bare him witness, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth. And they said, Is not this Joseph’s son?
What quote is from The Gospel of Saint Luke, Chapter 21, verse 5 through verse 28 (Luke 21:5-28)
And as some spake of the temple, how it was adorned with goodly stones and gifts, he said,
6 As for these things which ye behold, the days will come, in the which there shall not be left one stone upon another, that shall not be thrown down.
7 And they asked him, saying, Master, but when shall these things be? and what sign will there be when these things shall come to pass?
8 And he said, Take heed that ye be not deceived: for many shall come in my name, saying, I am Christ; and the time draweth near: go ye not therefore after them.
9 But when ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified: for these things must first come to pass; but the end is not by and by.
10 Then said he unto them, Nation shall rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom:
11 And great earthquakes shall be in divers places, and famines, and pestilences; and fearful sights and great signs shall there be from heaven.
12 But before all these, they shall lay their hands on you, and persecute you, delivering you up to the synagogues, and into prisons, being brought before kings and rulers for my name’s sake.
13 And it shall turn to you for a testimony.
14 Settle it therefore in your hearts, not to meditate before what ye shall answer:
15 For I will give you a mouth and wisdom, which all your adversaries shall not be able to gainsay nor resist.
16 And ye shall be betrayed both by parents, and brethren, and kinsfolks, and friends; and some of you shall they cause to be put to death.
17 And ye shall be hated of all men for my name’s sake.
18 But there shall not an hair of your head perish.
19 In your patience possess ye your souls.
20 And when ye shall see Jerusalem compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh.
21 Then let them which are in Judaea flee to the mountains; and let them which are in the midst of it depart out; and let not them that are in the countries enter thereinto.
22 For these be the days of vengeance, that all things which are written may be fulfilled.
23 But woe unto them that are with child, and to them that give suck, in those days! for there shall be great distress in the land, and wrath upon this people.
24 And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled.
25 And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring;
26 Men’s hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth: for the powers of heaven shall be shaken.
27 And then shall they see the Son of man coming in a cloud with power and great glory.
28 And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift up your heads; for your redemption draweth nigh.
What quote is from The Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 17, verse 1 through verse 34 (Acts 17:1-34)
Now when they had passed through Amphipolis and Apollonia, they came to Thessalonica, where was a synagogue of the Jews:
2 And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them out of the scriptures,
3 Opening and alleging, that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you, is Christ.
4 And some of them believed, and consorted with Paul and Silas; and of the devout Greeks a great multitude, and of the chief women not a few.
5 But the Jews which believed not, moved with envy, took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, and gathered a company, and set all the city on an uproar, and assaulted the house of Jason, and sought to bring them out to the people.
6 And when they found them not, they drew Jason and certain brethren unto the rulers of the city, crying, These that have turned the world upside down are come hither also;
7 Whom Jason hath received: and these all do contrary to the decrees of Caesar, saying that there is another king, one Jesus.
8 And they troubled the people and the rulers of the city, when they heard these things.
9 And when they had taken security of Jason, and of the other, they let them go.
10 And the brethren immediately sent away Paul and Silas by night unto Berea: who coming thither went into the synagogue of the Jews.
11 These were more noble than those in Thessalonica, in that they received the word with all readiness of mind, and searched the scriptures daily, whether those things were so.
12 Therefore many of them believed; also of honourable women which were Greeks, and of men, not a few.
13 But when the Jews of Thessalonica had knowledge that the word of God was preached of Paul at Berea, they came thither also, and stirred up the people.
14 And then immediately the brethren sent away Paul to go as it were to the sea: but Silas and Timotheus abode there still.
15 And they that conducted Paul brought him unto Athens: and receiving a commandment unto Silas and Timotheus for to come to him with all speed, they departed.
16 Now while Paul waited for them at Athens, his spirit was stirred in him, when he saw the city wholly given to idolatry.
17 Therefore disputed he in the synagogue with the Jews, and with the devout persons, and in the market daily with them that met with him.
18 Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoicks, encountered him. And some said, What will this babbler say? other some, He seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods: because he preached unto them Jesus, and the resurrection.
19 And they took him, and brought him unto Areopagus, saying, May we know what this new doctrine, whereof thou speakest, is?
20 For thou bringest certain strange things to our ears: we would know therefore what these things mean.
21 (For all the Athenians and strangers which were there spent their time in nothing else, but either to tell, or to hear some new thing.)
22 Then Paul stood in the midst of Mars’ hill, and said, Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious.
23 For as I passed by, and beheld your devotions, I found an altar with this inscription, TO THE UNKNOWN GOD. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.
24 God that made the world and all things therein, seeing that he is Lord of heaven and earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands;
25 Neither is worshipped with men’s hands, as though he needed any thing, seeing he giveth to all life, and breath, and all things;
26 And hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation;
27 That they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us:
28 For in him we live, and move, and have our being; as certain also of your own poets have said, For we are also his offspring.
29 Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man’s device.
30 And the times of this ignorance God winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent:
31 Because he hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness by that man whom he hath ordained; whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead.
32 And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter.
33 So Paul departed from among them.
34 Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite, and a woman named Damaris, and others with them.
What quote is from Tertullian’s On the Prescription for Heretics
“What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem? What concord is there between the Academy and the Church? What between heretics and Christians?”
What quote is from Cyprian’s Epistolarum ad Donatum (Letter to Donatus)
• “In courts of law, in public meetings, in political discussions, a full eloquence may be the pride of vocal ambition, but in speaking of the lord god, a pure simplicity of expression which is convincing depends upon the substance of the argument rather than upon the forcefulness of eloquence
What quote is from Augustine’s De Doctrina Christiana (On Christian Doctrine);
“Since, therefore, there has been placed at our disposal the power of eloquence, which so efficacious in pleading either for the erroneous cause or the right, why is it not zealously acquired by the good, so as to do service for the truth/”
What quote is from Agricola (definition/description of rhetoric/speech);
demoted rhetoric, rhetoric provides us with linguistic embellishment and eloquence of language along with all the baits for capturing ears
What quote is from Ramus (definition of rhetoric/“speech” and description of Quintilian’s definition of oratory)
Dialectic (Logic)
○ Inventio (invention)= § Creating arguments
○ Dispositio (disposition)
§ Arrangement of the parts of speech
• Rhetoric (speech)
○ Elocutio (style)
§ Lexical and syntactical
○ Memoria (memorization)
○ Actio (delivery)
§ Vocal & physical aspects of delivering a speech
• Basically his main argument is that rhetoric has nothing to do with thinking logic
• “Speech is the garment to clothe our reason”
• "From the development of language and speech only two proper parts will be left for rhetoric, style, and delivery; rhetoric will possess nothing proper and of its own beyond these."
Judeo-Christian Rhetoric: Related to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament: evidence of rhetoric, primary rhetorical technique, and four forms of address;
Rhetoric in the Hebrew Bible
• Evidence of rhetoric:
○ Creation by enunciation
§ Pentateuch (moses)
§ Genesis: then God said, ‘let there be…;”
• Rhetorical technique: assertion of divine authority
○ Analogous to ethos in classical rhetoric
§ Exodus 8:1 and the lord spoke to moses go to pharoah and say to him thus says the lord let my people go
§ Isaiah 1:1 “hear, o heavens, and give ear, o earth. For the lord has spoken
Forms of address:
• Covenant speech (deuteronomy )
• Prophecy (ezekiel)
• Epideictic (speeeches praising God)
Rules/ precepts of fine speech (the book of proverbs)
Related to the Christian Bible/New Testament: the language in which it was written and significant rhetorical features
○ Written in Greek (koine) for Greek speakers
○ Contains features of classical rhetoric…
§ Combined with jewish traditions
Modified by christian beliefs and values
Related to the Christian Bible/New Testament: influences of Jewish Sabbath services and the format of the Jewish sermon on it
• Influence of Jewish Sabbath: the Homily
○ Informal, spontaneous
○ Scriptural reading, interpretation, exhortation to follow the teaching
○ Luke 4:14-30 “He went into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read. And he was handed the book of the prophet Isaiah. And when He had opened the book….”
Related to the Christian Bible/New Testament: how Jesus is portrayed in terms of the use of rhetoric and argumentation
○ Adept at public speaking § "Sermon on the Mount" § Matthew, Chapters 5,6,and 7 ○ Adept at argumentation § Engages in dialectic with Pharisees § Matthew 15:1-9 § Mark 12:13-17, 18-27 § Luke 10:25-37 § How to argue like jesus: learning persuasion from histories greatest communicator (Carter and coleman 2009)
Related to the Christian Bible/New Testament: what the New Testament documents consist of
• 27 short Greek writings [Bible (Gr., biblia)
• Commonly called “books”
○ 1st - 4th are called historical “Gospels”
§ Matthew, Mark, Luke, John
§ The “Gospel” or “good news”
§ Messiah, or the Christ (Gr.) has come for the salvation of mankind
○ 5th is another historical writing
§ The Acts of the Apostles (Author: Luke)
○ 6th-27th “Epistles” letters
§ Gospels are meant to record history. Epistels are letters.
§ 13 of these 22 bear the name of Paul as author
§ 4 of these 22 bear the name of John (eyewitness)
§ 2 of these 22 bear the name of Peter (eyewitness)
§ 1 of these 22 bears the name of James (half-brother of Jesus)
New Testament Documents (M.J.Kruger, 2012)
• C.250 AD
• Origen provides a list of 27 books authored by 8 men (c. 1,766 yrs. Old)
• C. 180 AD - “Muratorian Fragment” (22 of 27 books)
• C. 150 AD - Papias: Gospels of Matthew and Mark valued because of apostolic status
○ Mark received his information from Peter (eyewitness)
○ Refers to c. 90 AD: Received info from John (Eyewitness)
○ Recognizes 1 Peter, 1 John, Revelation, and some Pauline epistles
• C. 95 AD - 1 Clement: Refers to 1 Corinthians
○ Likely allusions to 4-5 other Paulline epistles
New Testament Documents (Gary Habermas; Richard Bauckham 2006)
• C.55AD - Paul (1 Corinthians 15:3-8)
• I don’t come to you with beautiful words and
• I have the truth: Christ died for our sins and came back.
• C.51-52 AD - Paul vists Corinth
• C.35-36AD - Paul had visited Jerusalem
○ Galatians 1:18-2:2 Paul stayed 15 day with Peter and James
○ “I went to them to make sure he knew what they were teaching.
• C.32-33 AD Paul’s Damascus Road Conversion
○ Wants to persecute Christians
• C.30 AD Jesus’ death by Roman crucifixion
Related to the Christian Bible/New Testament: the four factors influencing the use of classical rhetoric in the early Christian Church
- Basic techniques were spread through the Roman educational system
- Importance of preaching
a. Evangelist (evangelism, evangelical) - Importance of arguing effectively against “heretics”
a. Apologetics (apologia: defending the faith) - Church leaders often had been teachers of rhetoric before converting to Christianity
i. Terullian, Cyprian, Augustine
a. Other church leaders had received thorough education in rhetoric.
i. Ambrose, Jerome
- Importance of preaching
