Quiz 2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
a small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein’s shape allowing it to bind to the operator and switch an operon off
Corepressor
Adding methyl groups to DNA bases, usually cytosine
DNA Methylation
Inheriting traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome
Epigenetic Inheritance
Attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins
Histone Acetylation
specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein’s shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, this switching an operon on
Inducer
small single-strand RNA molecule from a hairpin structure, associates with a protein and can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence
microRNAs
In DNA technology, a labeled single stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a sample, the molecules of the probe form a hydrogen bond with the complementary sequence (it is radioactive or fluorescent)
Nucleic acid probe
in bacterial or phage DNA this is a sequence near the operon where an active repressor can attach
-prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon
operator
a unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a cluster of genes
operon
gene that codes for a protein such as a repressor that controls the transcription of another gene/group of genes
regulatory gene
a protein that inhibits gene transcription (in prokaryotes it binds to the DNA)
repressor
technique for determining expression of a particular gene
uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from mRNA and does PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR
technique used to silence the expression of certain genes
uses double stranded RNA to match the sequence of a gene to trigger the gene’s mRNA to break down
RNAi (RNA interference)
one of multiple small single stranded RNA molecules generated from a long linear double stranded RNA
-binds with proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA sequence
siRNA small interfering RNA
programmed cell death that is caused by an activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell
apoptosis
master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells
homeotic genes
the process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, comes from causing changes in gene expression
induction
a substance that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis
morphogen
a gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer
oncogene
describes a cell that can make many but not all parts of an organism
pluripotent
a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene
proto-oncogene
gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal to a receptor in the plasma membrane, results in the stimulation of the cell cycle
ras gene
unspecialized cell that can produce two identical daughter cells or specialized daughter cells that can undergo further differentiation, or one of each cell type
stem cell
describes a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them
totipotent
