AP BIO Gene Expression

Question 1

gene expression in bacteria is controlled by this mechanism

Answer 1

operon model

Question 2

single promoter that serves a set of functionally related genes, includes operator, promoter, and the genes controlled

Answer 2

operon

Question 3

regulatory switch that is a segment of DNA

Answer 3

operator

Question 4

protein that switches the operon off by binding to RNA polymerase

Answer 4

repressor

Question 5

trp and lac operon are active in what type of cells

Answer 5

prokaryotes

Question 6

typically off, but when induced, the repressor is inactivated

Answer 6

inducible enzymes

Question 7

loosens chromatin structure by adding acetyl groups, this promotes the transcription of the gene sequence

Answer 7

histone acetylation

Question 8

adding methyl groups to DNA bases, condensing chromatin making it harder to transcript from

Answer 8

DNA methylation

Question 9

when traits are inherited that are not exactly from the nucleotide sequence but can still be passed on

Answer 9

epigenetic inheritance

Question 10

expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

Answer 10

differential gene expression

Question 11

processes lactose, typically turned off unless a repressor inactivates it

Answer 11

lac operon

Question 12

distal control elements that are far away from a gene

Answer 12

enhancer

Question 13

different mRNA molecules are produced by the same primary transcript

Answer 13

alternative RNA splicing

Question 14

untranslated region at the 3’ end of a mRNA molecule after the stop codon

Answer 14

UTR

Question 15

cell attaches ubiquitin to the protein and this triggers the destruction

Answer 15

selective degradation

Question 16

degrade the mRNA or block its translation

Answer 16

microRNA (miRNA)

Question 17

small interfering mRNA that is formed from different precursors than miRNA

Answer 17

siRNA

Question 18

inhibiting gene expression

Answer 18

RNA interference

Question 19

base pairing a strand of a DNA or RNA (called a probe) to detect mRNA

Answer 19

nucleic acid hybrization

Question 20

single stranded DNA or RNA that is a complementary molecule

Answer 20

nucleic acid probe

Question 21

fluorescence technique to see the mRNA in place

Answer 21

in situ hybridization

Question 22

sample sets of mRNA are recreated over and over as DNA with the corresponding sequences

Answer 22

reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction

Question 23

a copy of mRNA that is used to do PCR

Answer 23

complementary DNA cDNA

Question 24

tiny amounts of DNA fragments are fixed on a slide in a grid (you can see the neon dots lined up on the microarray)

Answer 24

DNA microarray assays

Question 25

small circular DNA molecule that is replicated separately from the bacteria chromosome

Answer 25

plasmids

Question 26

cloned pieces of DNA using bacteria, where you insert another foreign DNA into it

Answer 26

recombinant DNA

Question 27

plasmid that carries the cloned DNA (gene for aplafilic resistance in LAB)

Answer 27

cloning vector

Question 28

places where restriction enzymes cut up the DNA to make fragments

Answer 28

restriction sites

Question 29

after differentiation, commits a cell irreversibly to its final state

Answer 29

determination

Question 30

process by which cells become specialised in structure and function

Answer 30

cell differentiation

Question 31

relaxed supercoiling of the DNA

Answer 31

toposiomerase

Question 32

joins the fragments on the lagging strand

Answer 32

ligase

Question 33

random assortment of exons that are included

Answer 33

alternative splicing

Question 34

these types of cells do not have a rough ER

Answer 34

prokaryote