AP BIO Gene Expression Flashcards
gene expression in bacteria is controlled by this mechanism
operon model
single promoter that serves a set of functionally related genes, includes operator, promoter, and the genes controlled
operon
regulatory switch that is a segment of DNA
operator
protein that switches the operon off by binding to RNA polymerase
repressor
trp and lac operon are active in what type of cells
prokaryotes
typically off, but when induced, the repressor is inactivated
inducible enzymes
loosens chromatin structure by adding acetyl groups, this promotes the transcription of the gene sequence
histone acetylation
adding methyl groups to DNA bases, condensing chromatin making it harder to transcript from
DNA methylation
when traits are inherited that are not exactly from the nucleotide sequence but can still be passed on
epigenetic inheritance
expression of different genes by cells with the same genome
differential gene expression
processes lactose, typically turned off unless a repressor inactivates it
lac operon
distal control elements that are far away from a gene
enhancer
different mRNA molecules are produced by the same primary transcript
alternative RNA splicing
untranslated region at the 3’ end of a mRNA molecule after the stop codon
UTR
cell attaches ubiquitin to the protein and this triggers the destruction
selective degradation
degrade the mRNA or block its translation
microRNA (miRNA)
small interfering mRNA that is formed from different precursors than miRNA
siRNA
inhibiting gene expression
RNA interference
base pairing a strand of a DNA or RNA (called a probe) to detect mRNA
nucleic acid hybrization
single stranded DNA or RNA that is a complementary molecule
nucleic acid probe
fluorescence technique to see the mRNA in place
in situ hybridization
sample sets of mRNA are recreated over and over as DNA with the corresponding sequences
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
a copy of mRNA that is used to do PCR
complementary DNA cDNA
tiny amounts of DNA fragments are fixed on a slide in a grid (you can see the neon dots lined up on the microarray)
DNA microarray assays
small circular DNA molecule that is replicated separately from the bacteria chromosome
plasmids
cloned pieces of DNA using bacteria, where you insert another foreign DNA into it
recombinant DNA
plasmid that carries the cloned DNA (gene for aplafilic resistance in LAB)
cloning vector
places where restriction enzymes cut up the DNA to make fragments
restriction sites
after differentiation, commits a cell irreversibly to its final state
determination
process by which cells become specialised in structure and function
cell differentiation
relaxed supercoiling of the DNA
toposiomerase
joins the fragments on the lagging strand
ligase
random assortment of exons that are included
alternative splicing
these types of cells do not have a rough ER
prokaryote
