Quiz 2 Flashcards
The hindbrain
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
Medulla function
heartbeat, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, swallowing
Pons function
Sleeping and breathing, what causes sleep paralysis
Cerebellum
Balance and coordinated movement
The midbrain
The reticular activating system
Reticular activating system function
Regulates sleep-wake transitions and arousal
The forebrain
Thalamus and Limbic System (Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala), Corpus Callosum, Basal Ganglia
Thalamus function
acts like a relay between motor and sensory signals
Hypothalamus function
Involved in biological drives like hunger, thirst, sex, temperature regulation, links to the endocrine system
Hippocampus function
Involved in memory transfer from short to long term memory, if damaged we cannot learn new info well (amnesia)
Corpus Callosum function
connects the two parts of the brain and allows it to act as a union
Basal Ganglia Function
Involved in movement disorders, causes involuntary movement… associated with Parkinson’s, Tourette’s, and Huntington’s
Projection (Primary) Areas
sensory: where our senses come and go
motor: where motor signals come and go
Nonprimary areas
Do all the complex things that make us human
Apraxia
People have problems with movement, especially coordinated movement… can typically do little movements separately but cannot put them together
Agnosia
Inability to recognize form, can be quite specific (ex. face blindness)
Aphasia
disorders with language
Expressive (non-fluent) aphasia
People have difficulty expressing themselves, affects Broca’s area
Broca’s area
what is affected in expressive (non-fluent) aphasia
Receptive (fluent) aphasia
people can talk and are grammatically correct but have very little content in what they are saying, they cannot understand what is being said all around them, affects Wernicke’s area
Wernicke’s Area
what is affected in receptive (fluent) aphasia
Thalidomide experiment
drug was given to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage and caused babies to be born without arms and legs
Teratogenic Maternal Diseases
Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, Herpes
Rubella
Can damage the baby’s brain, auditory systems, visual systems, the whole body
Toxoplasmosis
Caused by cat feces and raw meat, can cause seizures and cerebral palsy
Herpes
When someone has an outbreak the sores may make a C-section necessary, chickenpox is a herpes virus
DES
prescribed to prevent miscarriage but caused cervical problems due to mucus issues or the cervix opening during pregnancy, also causes testicular cancer and penile cancer
Aspirin
associated with heart defects and can cause hemorrhaging after birth
Caffeine
can cause a fast heart rate and trouble with sleep
cocaine
causes uterine contracts, can result in abortion, low birth weight/preterm babies, damage to the digestive system, damage to the urogenital system and a higher risk of cerebral hemorrhage
Alcohol
associated w FAS, babies are born small w small brain/head, have issues w cognitive development (memory, learning, attention span, communication), issues w vision and hearing, have wide-set eyes
Cigarettes
restriction of oxygen in the lungs makes the uterus and embryo oxygen deprived, babies are small and shorter gestation, can damage the placenta and arteries, higher risk for SID syndrome, childhood cancers, and cleft palate
Secure Attachment
Babies use social referencing, cry when the parent leaves, do not like strangers, and are happy to see their parent
Avoidant attachment
Baby does not socialize or use the parent as a secure base, the baby is more accepting of strangers, the baby is not happy to see the parent
Resistant Attachment
Baby is clingy, fussy, generally unhappy, baby hangs on to the parent, is upset when the parent leaves but does not settle down during reunitement, baby is anxious
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Baby is rigid with people they know, face looks dazed/disoriented, worst pattern of development
Spitz, “Failure to Thrive”
Spitz studied babies in prison and babies in an orphanage, he realized the importance of contact comfort and “mothering”
Skeels, “Longitudinal Study of early deprivation”
Found that babies that were placed in an adult institution had higher IQs and were adopted (in comparison to kids at an orphanage who were not adopted) because they were taken care of better
Antagonist
chemical or drug that binds to receptors in the brain and prevents an agonist from having a reaction
Agonist
substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of a neurotransmitter
Serotonin
Mood, appetite, impulsive/aggressive behavior… too little=depression and OCD
Dopamine
Impulse control, tension, movement, learning… sensitivity= schizophrenia, too little=Parkinson’s
Acetylcholine
involuntary movement, sleep, memory… too much= depression, too little=dementia
Norepinephrine
Alertness/Arousal… too little=depression, too much=schizophrenia
GABA
Nervous system, anxiety… some anxiety meds try to increase GABA
Glutamine
learning, memory… associated w migraines
