Lecture Material for Exam 2

Question 1

Hierarchies

Answer 1

how we fit things in with what we already know

Question 2

How to study

Answer 2

• repeatedly over time
• actively think about the material
• make content personally meaningful
• use mneumoics for lists
• use retrieval cues
• minimize interference
• test yourself
• emphasize deep processing

Question 3

infantile amnesia

Answer 3

could be caused because babies lives are not varied, or because they lack language

Question 4

source amnesia (misattribution)

Answer 4

you think the info is from one place, but it’s from a different place

ex. w letters of recommendation

Question 5

retrograde amnesia

Answer 5

lose some existing memory, often do to physical accident, old memories seem to come back easier/more secure

the person does not lose who they are

Question 6

anterograde amnesia

Answer 6

cannot transfer short to long memory, thyamine can help

Question 7

What parts of the brain are affected by classical condition?

Answer 7

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 8

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Answer 8

for less meaningful material, we lose things quickly but then it stabilizes over time

Question 9

Proactive interference

a type of forgetting

Answer 9

past/prior learning disrupts other information coming in

Question 10

Retroactive interference

a type of forgetting

Answer 10

new information disrupts the old information

Question 11

retrival failure

a type of forgetting

Answer 11

the tip of the tongue phenomena, is best to picture environment you studied the material in and relax

Question 12

Reconstructive Memory

Lignen and Signorella

questioned if how we think about the world impacts how we remember it

Answer 12

studied if gender stereotyping impacts memory of 5-10yo kids, kids w traditional thinking remember people’s gender as to what it pertains to w their job vs what the gender actually was

Question 13

Cici Bruik

Answer 13

kids would remember getting caught in a mouse trap when asked, showed that kids can create false memories

Question 14

repressed memories

Answer 14

memories pushed out of consciousness due to trauma

Question 15

Permastore

Answer 15

some memories are so important they cannot be forgotten… most memory is subject to rearrangement

like first kiss and birthdays or getting married

Question 16

Eidetic Imagery

Answer 16

Often in kids (1:10), have a long iconic registry where they can remember how a place looks for 30-60 secs or more; typically disappears in adults

Question 17

Flashbulb memories

Answer 17

memories usually of very emotionally charged events, feel more vivd and accurate but seem to decay and displace over time

9-11 studies

Question 18

Solving Problems order

Answer 18

1. identify situation
2. identify goal
3. identify/solve sub-problems
4. routines- automatic, do not think about

stroop test is example of automaticity

Question 19

Obstacles in problem solving

Answer 19

• fixation
• framing
• hindsight bias
• availability heristic and exaggerating the improbable
• overconfidence (more in kids)
• belief perseverance
• Dunning Kruger Effect

Question 20

Fixation+ framing

Answer 20

• fixation: a mental set, thinking inside the box (nine dot prob. ex)
• Framing- in advertisement (yogurt fat ex.)

Question 21

Availability Heuristic

Answer 21

unlikely events seem more probable, is a mental shortcut where one sees immediate examples

is seen in gambling, people are more likely to gamble bc they see everyone around them winning

Question 22

Dunning-Kruger Effect

Answer 22

people think they are more of an expert on something than they actually are

Question 23

Prototype

Answer 23

mental averages, take a real life instance and unconciously compare it, closer something is to its prototype the easier/faster it is to identify

i saw three dogs today

Question 24

schema

Answer 24

sets of characteristics, not an average… categories may be organized hierarchily

Question 25

Language vs. communications

Answer 25

• dif in structure and meaning
• language can talk ab the present, past, and future
• language can create fully novel ideas (battery in milk ex.)
• Launguage has structure where a different order can mean different things
• Language can mislead people, be deceptive, can lie

Question 26

phonemes

Answer 26

• the basic sounds of language
• english has about 40
• becomes harder to aquire novel phonemes with age, this is why adult learners of second languages typically have an accent
• babies imitate sounds (phonemes) before they imitate meaning

Question 27

morphemes

Answer 27

• the basic meaning units of language
• roots, suffix, and prefixes- anything that changes meaning of a word

ex. strange=1m stranger=2m strangers=3m

Question 28

Language from nature perspective

Answer 28

• language is biologicall driven- noam chompsky
• believed language activation device (part of mind not physical) allows us to understand the structure of language
• Brocker’s area and Wernicke’s area sho this
• Lennenberg believed language was aquired in a critical period (may be about brain plasticity rather than language)
• universal stages of language are pretty standard
• active language aquisition- kids pick it up on their own

Question 29

Language from nuture perspective

Answer 29

• Skinner/classical conditioning- kids associate dif things as theyre forming language development, parents reinforce lang dev.
• parents do not reinforce grammar, typically they reinforce truth

Question 30

Expressive Language development stages

lags behind comprehension (prolly)

Answer 30

1. crying: 2-4mos
2. cooing: soft vowel sounds, not social to social… 8-12 weeks
3. babbling: harsh consanant sounds…4-5 mos (def by 6)
4. expressive jargon: focused in on phonmenes, pragmatics, intonation, and command+question structure but no “real” words… overlaps w first word…12-24 mos
5. first word: usually a name but like using it in a sentence
6. two-word utterances/telegraphic speech: around 18-24 mos

Question 31

Holophrase

Answer 31

an entire sentence of meaning in one word

Question 32

Word aquisition timing

Answer 32

-by 18 mos most kids have 50 words.
-once a child has 50 words they will experience a burst and learn ab 25-35 words/month
-they understand way more than they can say

Question 33

Scarr and Weinburg

Answer 33

black babies raised by upper middle class white ppl have IQs above average, environment has a big impact on IQ

Question 34

Shirly Brice Heath

Answer 34

• observed ppl interacting w their kids while reading kids books
• white moms test, black moms create real world connections