Lecture Material for Exam 2 Flashcards
Hierarchies
how we fit things in with what we already know
How to study
- repeatedly over time
- actively think about the material
- make content personally meaningful
- use mneumoics for lists
- use retrieval cues
- minimize interference
- test yourself
- emphasize deep processing
infantile amnesia
could be caused because babies lives are not varied, or because they lack language
source amnesia (misattribution)
you think the info is from one place, but it’s from a different place
ex. w letters of recommendation
retrograde amnesia
lose some existing memory, often do to physical accident, old memories seem to come back easier/more secure
the person does not lose who they are
anterograde amnesia
cannot transfer short to long memory, thyamine can help
What parts of the brain are affected by classical condition?
basal ganglia and cerebellum
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
for less meaningful material, we lose things quickly but then it stabilizes over time
Proactive interference
a type of forgetting
past/prior learning disrupts other information coming in
Retroactive interference
a type of forgetting
new information disrupts the old information
retrival failure
a type of forgetting
the tip of the tongue phenomena, is best to picture environment you studied the material in and relax
Reconstructive Memory
Lignen and Signorella
questioned if how we think about the world impacts how we remember it
studied if gender stereotyping impacts memory of 5-10yo kids, kids w traditional thinking remember people’s gender as to what it pertains to w their job vs what the gender actually was
Cici Bruik
kids would remember getting caught in a mouse trap when asked, showed that kids can create false memories
repressed memories
memories pushed out of consciousness due to trauma
Permastore
some memories are so important they cannot be forgotten… most memory is subject to rearrangement
like first kiss and birthdays or getting married
Eidetic Imagery
Often in kids (1:10), have a long iconic registry where they can remember how a place looks for 30-60 secs or more; typically disappears in adults
Flashbulb memories
memories usually of very emotionally charged events, feel more vivd and accurate but seem to decay and displace over time
9-11 studies
Solving Problems order
- identify situation
- identify goal
- identify/solve sub-problems
- routines- automatic, do not think about
stroop test is example of automaticity
Obstacles in problem solving
- fixation
- framing
- hindsight bias
- availability heristic and exaggerating the improbable
- overconfidence (more in kids)
- belief perseverance
- Dunning Kruger Effect
Fixation+ framing
- fixation: a mental set, thinking inside the box (nine dot prob. ex)
- Framing- in advertisement (yogurt fat ex.)
Availability Heuristic
unlikely events seem more probable, is a mental shortcut where one sees immediate examples
is seen in gambling, people are more likely to gamble bc they see everyone around them winning
Dunning-Kruger Effect
people think they are more of an expert on something than they actually are
Prototype
mental averages, take a real life instance and unconciously compare it, closer something is to its prototype the easier/faster it is to identify
i saw three dogs today
schema
sets of characteristics, not an average… categories may be organized hierarchily
