Learning and Consciousness

Question 1

associative learning

Answer 1

learning that certain events occur together, may be two stimuli or a response and its’ consequence

Question 2

Law of Effect

Answer 2

• Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 3

Primary reinforcer vs conditioned reinforcer

Answer 3

• primary reinforcer is an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisies a biological need; unlearned
• conditioned/secondary reinforers gain their reinforcing power through association w a primary reinforcer

Question 4

latent learning

Answer 4

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 5

dream theories

information processing

Answer 5

dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

but why do you dream ab things we havent experienced or past events?

Question 6

physiological function

Answer 6

says regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

does not explain why we have meaningful dreams

Question 7

Activation synthesis

Answer 7

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Question 8

cognitive development

Answer 8

dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding… dreams simulate our lives, including worst case scenarios

Question 9

N1 sleep

Answer 9

-N1 (non-rapid eye movement stage 1) sleep is the first stage of sleep.
-N1 sleep typically lasts for only a few minutes.
-During N1 sleep, individuals are in a transitional state between wakefulness and sleep.
-Hypnagogic sensations, such as falling or floating, may be experienced during N1 sleep.
-Muscles may twitch during N1 sleep, and individuals may experience a hypnic jerk sensation of falling.
-N1 sleep is characterized by the presence of slower theta waves in the brain, as opposed to the alpha waves present during wakefulness.
-N1 sleep is considered a light stage of sleep, and it is relatively easy to be awakened from it.

Question 10

N2 Sleep

Answer 10

• N2 (non-rapid eye movement stage 2) sleep is the second stage of sleep, lasting about 20 minutes in the first sleep cycle.
• N2 sleep is characterized by a slowing of brain waves compared to N1 sleep, as well as the presence of specific sleep spindles and K-complexes.
• Sleep spindles are brief bursts of brain activity, while K-complexes are larger waves that can occur in response to external stimuli or internal brain processes.
• During N2 sleep, muscle activity decreases, body temperature drops, and heart rate slows.
• N2 sleep is deeper than N1 sleep, but it is still relatively easy to be awakened from it.
• N2 sleep accounts for the majority of sleep time in a typical night’s sleep, and it is important for consolidating memories and preparing the brain for deep sleep stages.

Question 11

N3 sleep

Answer 11

N3 (non-rapid eye movement stage 3) sleep is the third and deepest stage of sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep (SWS).
N3 sleep typically occurs after N1 and N2 sleep, and it lasts longer in the first sleep cycle of the night.
During N3 sleep, brain waves are slower than in N1 and N2 sleep, and there are few, if any, sleep spindles or K-complexes.
Muscles are extremely relaxed during N3 sleep, and it can be difficult to awaken someone from this stage of sleep.
N3 sleep is important for physical restoration and repair, and it is particularly crucial for children and adolescents, who need more of this deep sleep than adults.
N3 sleep is also important for consolidating memories, particularly for procedural memory, which involves learning and retaining motor skills.
As the night progresses, the amount of time spent in N3 sleep decreases, and the amount of REM sleep increases.

REM stands for “rapid eye movement” and is also known as “paradoxical sleep”.
During REM sleep, brain activity increases and the eyes move rapidly.
Dreams are most vivid during REM sleep.
The body is typically immobilized during REM sleep due to the brainstem’s inhibition of the motor neurons.
REM sleep helps with memory consolidation and emotional regulation.
REM sleep deprivation can lead to daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, and mood disturbances.

Question 12

REM sleep

Answer 12

• REM stands for “rapid eye movement” and is also known as “paradoxical sleep”.
• During REM sleep, brain activity increases and the eyes move rapidly.
• Dreams are most vivid during REM sleep.
• The body is typically immobilized during REM sleep due to the brainstem’s inhibition of the motor neurons.
• REM sleep helps with memory consolidation and emotional regulation.
• REM sleep deprivation can lead to daytime sleepiness, difficulty concentrating, and mood disturbances.