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biochem > quiz #2 > Flashcards

quiz #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Bases of DNA

A

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine

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2
Q

Purines

A

-have a pyrimidine + imidazole group combined
-structure: 3 & 5 C chain

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3
Q

Purines (example)

A

Purine,Adenine,Guanine

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4
Q

Pyrimidine

A

have 4C and 2C in aromatic ring

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5
Q

Pyrimidine (example)

A

Pyrimidine,Cytosine,Thymine

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6
Q

Base+Sugar

A

Nucleoside

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7
Q

Purine Nucleosides

A

end in “sine” (ex.adenosine,guanosine)

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8
Q

Pyrimidine Nucleosides

A

end in “dine” (ex.cytidine,thymidine)

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9
Q

In DNA Nucleosides are attached by a…

A

Phosphodiester Backbone

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10
Q

Nucleosides with phosphate groups are called

A

Nucleotides

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11
Q

Nucleotides are like the “….” of DNA.

A

amino acids

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12
Q

Watson Crick Base Pairing

A

1) hydrogen bonds
2) purine/pyrimidine
3)GC has 3 H-bonds
4)AT has 2 H-bonds

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13
Q

deoxy-

A

nucleotides found in DNA

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14
Q

DNA is

A

Antiparallel, right handed double helix, major and minor grooves

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15
Q

ribose (sugar)

A

OH on 2’

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16
Q

Base pairing for RNA

A

GC base pair
AU base pair

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17
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

codes for 1 sequence of proteins

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18
Q

transfer RNA ( tRNA)

A

binds amino acids & mRNA

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19
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

part of ribosome, which assembles polypeptides

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20
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is almost identical to

A

the coding strand DNA

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21
Q

gene

A

coding DNA contains a functional unit of heredity that “codes” for the 1 sequence of a protein or RNA

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22
Q

Coding region codes for

A

each amino acid

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23
Q

histones organize what?

A

organize DNA

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24
Q

exon

A

coding DNA

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25
Q

introns

A

noncoding DNA

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26
Q

Open Reading Frame(ORF)

A

exons together

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27
Q

Protein Synthesis Starts with

A

Transcription

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28
Q

pre-mRNA

A

exons+introns

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29
Q

mature transcript

A

5’ cap + exons+ poly-A tail

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30
Q

untranslated region

A

cap and poly-A tail in 5’ and 3’ UTR

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31
Q

mRNA coding regions are EXACTLY the same as

A

DNA exons

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32
Q

Transcription and Splicing Occur in

A

the nucleus

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33
Q

codon

A

3 Nucleotides

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34
Q

Each codon(4^3 = 64) codes for an

A

amino acid or STOP codon

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35
Q

START codon is

A

M ( which is the initiator codon)

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36
Q

Anticodon is the

A

“opposite” sequence of mRNA

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37
Q

Always write Nucleic Acids from

A

5’ to 3’

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38
Q

Wobble Effect

A

explains at a biochemical level why the genetic code is degenerate

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39
Q

Translation occurs in the

A

cytoplasm

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40
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

Translation

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41
Q

Fat

A

Fatty Acids and Triglycerides

42
Q

Lipids are

A

FA and trglycerides, phospholipids, bile/cholesterol

43
Q

Saturated FA

A

no double bonds

44
Q

Unsaturated FA

A

consecutive double bonds (usually cis)

45
Q

that last carbon in a FA chain is called

A

the omega carbon (w)

46
Q

FA names start with the

A

carboxylic acid group

47
Q

Palmitate

A

C16:0
largest FA made by FASN

48
Q

Arachidonate

A

C20:4

49
Q

laureate

A

saturated FA

50
Q

Palmitoleate

A

unsaturated FA

51
Q

SDS is

A

-Sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS)
-saturated

52
Q

Olen or Olestra

A

fat substitute to mimic oleate= ionized form/conjugate base of oleic acid
-unsaturated

53
Q

cis double bond makes

A

a kink

54
Q

FASN

A

Mammalian Fatty Acid Synthase

55
Q

FASN is a

A

-quaternary protein + homodimer
-Sole enzyme responsible for de novo synthesis of long chain fatty acid

56
Q

Acyl CoA has a

A

thioester bond attached to an acyl

57
Q

A type of Acyl CoA is

A

Acetyl CoA

58
Q

Acetyl CoA has a

A

thioester bond attached to an acetyl group

59
Q

Acetyl CoA is a an activated coenzyme required for

A

fatty acid synthesis

60
Q

Acetyl CoA is derived from

A

vitamin B5, glycolysis, FA and aa degradation

61
Q

Acetyl CoA initiates

A

citric acid cyle

62
Q

Acetyl CoA is more or less stable than an ester bond?

A

less

63
Q

NADPH is required as an

A

electron donor for reduction reactions

64
Q

Carbon Accounting

A

keeping track of how many carbons are present in each of the metabolites

65
Q

synthesis of palmitate is made by a

A

anabolic process ( like protein synthesis)

66
Q

FA synthesis Step 1

A

acetyl coA (2C) is oxidized to malonyl CoA (3C) by acetyl CoA carboxylase
-high regulated

67
Q

ACC

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

68
Q

ACC1 inhinited by phosphorylation by

A

AMP dependent protein kinase

69
Q

Pallmititoyl CoA(final product) inhibits

A

feedback inhibition ( recurring theme in enzymology & therefore metabolism)

70
Q

FA Synthesis Step 2

A

-building the ACC
-Acetyl CoA (2C) and Malonyl CaA (3C) are loaded into a large ensyme complex called FASN
-joined together to make a 4C chain via ketoacyl synthase KS (CO2 is lost during condensation)
- process is repeated w, new malonyl joined to the C4 butyryl

71
Q

How many enzymatic reactions does FA synthesis have in one round?

A

7

72
Q

How many carbons does the product have in the FA biosynthesis?

A

4

73
Q

KS

A

ketoacyl sythase

74
Q

Mat

A

malonyl transferase

75
Q

KR

A

ketoreductase

76
Q

DH

A

dehydratase

77
Q

ER

A

enoyl reductase

78
Q

Why do we need 8 Acetyl CoA instead of 7?

A

malonyl CoA needs to be made

79
Q

Fatty Acids can be used to construct

A

phospholipids for membrane synthesis

80
Q

Fatty Acids can be stored in the form of

A

triacylglycerol or triglycerides

81
Q

Phospholipids are

A

Amphipathic (very hydrophobic glycerol &hydrophilic head group)

82
Q

Triacylglcerol or Triglyceride

A

storage form of FA in fat cells

83
Q

intergral protein

A

embeded in the membrane had to get dettached

84
Q

peripheral protein

A

located on the inner part of the membrane

85
Q

endocytosis

A

Receptor binding on the surface of the cell induces the membrane to invaginate

86
Q

Do Prokaryotes have membranes?

A

Yes , they have an outer and inner membrane or a thick cell wall

87
Q

Permeability barrier

A

keep stuff in and keep stuff out

88
Q

Protein Solvent

A

membrane is able to “dissolve” proteins . “garage for hydrophobic car”

89
Q

Asymmetry

A

more of compound on the outside of the cell compared to the inside (vice versa)

90
Q

Fluidity/Signaling

A

diffusion, concentrate proteins and lipids in 2 dimensions

91
Q

Unsaturated FA C18:0 + C18:1

A

oleate, cis
creates high fluidity (kink)

92
Q

Higher Tm =

A

high chain length and high saturation

93
Q

cholesterol

A

membrane fluidity

94
Q

LDL

A

transport mechanism of cholesterol

95
Q

Cholesterol concentration impacts

A

stacking and membrane fluidity

96
Q

Key Cholesterol Functions (4)

A

1.Membrane Fluidity
2.Precursors of vitamin D(COVID-19)
3.Precursor of bile salts for digestion
4.Precursors of steroid hormones such as testosterone and estradiol

97
Q

Excess Cholesterol is linked to

A

Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis

98
Q

What was the leading cause of death in the US compared to all cancers combined?

A

heart disease not including stroke

99
Q

Anti-platelet drugs (ex.aspirin, clopidogrel)

A

the standard care for patients at high risk for thrombosis

100
Q

What drugs competitively inhibit HMG CoA Reductase?

A

Statins (Lovastatin)

101
Q

HMG CoA + 2 NADPH + 2H+

A

Mevalonate + NADP+ + CoA

102
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

excess cortisol

biochem (10 decks)

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