Food Metabolism

Question 1

Fed State or…

Answer 1

post-absorptive state

Question 2

Fasting State

Answer 2

pre-absorptive state
(gluconeogenesis,b-oxidation)

Question 3

The Intestines Signal to your Brain and Pancreas via

Answer 3

Hormones

Question 4

Hormonal Control of the “Fed State”

Answer 4

Insulin
Leptin

Question 5

Leptin

Answer 5

released from fat cells and tells the brain that we are full and to suppress appetite

Question 6

Insulin Triggers Cascades of Reactions in Many Tissues

Answer 6

liver, muscles, adiposites

Question 7

Glucose Levels

Answer 7

Maintained at 4 – 7 mM in blood
(brain & RBC food)

Question 8

Main Actions of Insulin

Answer 8

Stimulates gene expression
Upregulates glucose transporters on muscle and fat cells
Activates enzymes involved in FA and glycogen synthesis
Inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 9

Insulin Biosynthesis

Answer 9

starts w/ immature peptide Proinsulin to Mature Insulin Monomer

Question 10

Insulin Signaling Leads to

Answer 10

Increased Gene Expression

Question 11

Insulin Exocytosis by

Answer 11

Pancreatic b-cell

Question 12

HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE (FED STATE) TRIGGERS

Answer 12

SECRETION OF INSULIN BY THE PANCREAS

Question 13

Insulin Promotes

Answer 13

Fatty Acid & Glycogen Synthesis

Question 14

Net Result:

Answer 14

Insulin is Anabolic

Question 15

Hormonal Control of the “Fasting or Starved State”

Answer 15

Glucagon
Epinephrine (adrenalin)

Question 16

Glucagon and Epinephrine Oppose Insulin Action

Answer 16

Regulates gene expression
Inactivates enzymes involved in FA and glycogen synthesis
Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver
Stimulates FA and glycogen breakdown

Question 17

Glucagon Release by

Answer 17

the Pancreatic a-cell

Question 18

Glucagon Regulates Gene Expression and inhibits

Answer 18

pyruvate kinase gene expression

Question 19

Glucagon Regulates Gene Expression

Answer 19

STOPS GLYCOLYSIS in liver
REDUCES FA SYNTHESIS

Question 20

Fasting state favors gluconeogenesis because

Answer 20

F-2,6-BP is low (phosphatase active)

Question 21

Glucagon/Epi Inhibit

Answer 21

Fatty Acid Synthesis

Question 22

Glucagon/Epi Inhibit Fatty Acid Synthesis by

Answer 22

Reducing Malonyl CoA Levels

Question 23

Glucagon/Epi Stimulate Fatty Acid b-Oxidation by

Answer 23

Reducing Malonyl-CoA Levels

Question 24

Net Result: Glucagon/Epi

Answer 24

Catabolic

Question 25

Hyperglycemia

Answer 25

high blood glucose

Question 26

Diabetes Mellitus Increased reliance on

Answer 26

lipid metabolism

Question 27

diabetes mimics the

Answer 27

starved state even though blood glucose is high!!!

Question 28

Insulin Resistance (Type 2)

Answer 28

Obesity
Glucagon