Quiz 1: Nutritional/Fluid Requirements and Stages of Development Flashcards
Pediatric calculations are based on what?
Weight -> always in kilograms** (2.2 lbs = 1 kg)
Calorie Requirements: Infants 0-6 months
108 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: 6-12 months
98 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: 1-3 y/o
102 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: 4-6 y/o
90 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: 7-10 y/o
70 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: Males 11-14 y/o
55 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: Males 15-18 y/o
45 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: Females 11-14 y/o
47 cal/kg/day
Calorie Requirements: Females 15-18 y/o
40 cal/kg/day
Breakdown of Ages: Infant
Birth-1 year
Breakdown of Ages: Toddler
1-2 years
Breakdown of Ages: Preschooler
3-5 years
Breakdown of Ages: Young school-age
6-7 years
Breakdown of Ages: School-age
8-11 years
Breakdown of Ages: Adolescent
12-18 years
Fluid Maintenance Requirements: 100,50, 20 rule
- The first 10 kg you multiply by 100
- The second 10 kg you multiply by 50
- The remain kg you multiply by 20
- Add together → total fluid needed per day to maintain hydration
Medication: Safe Doses
- Patient wt in kg
- Look at physician order
- Look at reliable drug book source for the safe dose
- The highest amount within the safe range is multiplied by pt wt.
- Make sure the physician order is less than the safe range calculated
Medication Safe Doses: Per dose
No frequency needs to be calculated
Medication Safe Doses: Per day
Just calculate the ordered frequency
Safe doses have frequency recommendations
Need to figure out the day frequency from the safe dose by multiplying
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Infancy (birth to 18 months)
Trust vs Mistrust
What are important events that occur in infants according to Erickson’s Psychosocial stages?
Feeding
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Trust vs Mistrust Outcome
- Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.
- A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
- Characterized by HOPE
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust Interventions
- Hold the infant
- Offer comfort after painful procedures
- Meet needs for food and hygiene
- Encourage parents to room in while hospitalized
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Early Childhood (2-3 years)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
What important event occurs during early childhood according to Erikson’s Psychosocial stages?
Toilet training
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Outcome
- Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and independence.
- Success=Autonomy
- Failure = Shame and doubt
- Characterized by WILL
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Interventions
- Allow self feeding and choice
- Encourage child to remove and put on clothes
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Preschool (3-5 years)
Initiative vs Guilt
What important event occurs in preschoolers (3-5 years) according to Erikson’s Psychosocial stages?
Exploration
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Initiative vs. Guilt Outcome
- Children needs to begin asserting control and power over the environment.
- Success = sense of purpose
- Exerting too much power leads to disapproval -> guilt
- Characterized by PURPOSE
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Initiative vs Guilt Interventions
- Offer medical equipment to play
- Accept child’s choices/expression of feelings
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: School Age (6-11)
Industry vs Inferiority
What important event occurs in school age children according to Erikson’s Psychosocial stages?
School
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Industry vs. Inferiority Outcome
- Children need to cope with new social and academic demands.
- Success = sense of competence
- Failure = feelings of inferiority
- Characterized by COMPETENCE
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Industry vs. Inferiority Interventions
- Encourage child to continue school work while hospitalized.
- Encourage child to bring favorite pastimes to hospital.
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Adolescence (12-18 years)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
What important events occur in adolescents according to Erikson’s Psychosocial stages?
Social Relationships
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Identity vs. Role Confusion Outcome
- Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.
- Success = ability to stay true to yourself
- Failure = role confusion and a weak sense of self
- Characterized by FAITH in self.
Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages: Identity vs. Role Confusion Interventions
- Take health history and perform examinations w/o parents present
- Introduce adolescent to other teens with same condition
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development include
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Preoperational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor Stage occurs at what ages?
Birth to 2 years
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor Stage Characteristics
The infant knows the world through their movements and sensations
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor Stage Developmental Stages
- Infants learn that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen (object permanence).
- They are separate beings from the people and objects around them.
- They realize that their actions can cause things to happen in the world around them.
- Learning occurs through assimilation and accommodation.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Preoperational Stage occurs at what ages?
2-7 years
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Preoperational Stage Characteristics
- Children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects.
- They also tend to be very egocentric, and see things only from their point of view.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Preoperational Stage Developmental Changes
- Egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others.
- While they are getting better with language and thinking, they still tend to think about things in very concrete terms.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational Stage occurs at what ages?
7-11 years
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational Stage Characteristics
During this stage, children begin to thinking logically about concrete events.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational Stage Developmental Changes
- They begin to understand the concept of conservation (i.e the the amount of liquid in a short, wide cup is equal to that in a tall, skinny glass.)
- Thinking becomes more logical and organized, but still very concrete.
- Begin using inductive logic: specific information -> general principle.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Stage occurs at what ages?
12 and up
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Stage Characteristics
At this stage, the adolescent or young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Stage Developmental Changes
- Abstract thought emerges.
- Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning.
- Begin to use deductive logic: general principle -> specific information.
