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Biochem > Quiz 1: Lecture Info > Flashcards

Quiz 1: Lecture Info Flashcards

1
Q

How many more bacterial cells are in the body than human cells?

A

10x more

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2
Q

Why are we primarily composed of water?

A

Ancestors originated in water

Water is a great solvent for chemical reactions

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3
Q

How do cells compartmentalize?

A

Cells organize biochemical reactions to occur in specific compartments

Right chemicals at right concentrations in right places

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4
Q

What is used to assemble macromolecules?

A

Basic building blocks of life

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5
Q

What does the study of biochemistry show?

A

How collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact to maintain and perpetuate life animated solely by the chemical and physical laws that govern the nonliving universe

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6
Q

The Molecular Logic of Life

A

biochemistry describes in molecular terms the structure, mechanisms, and chemical processes shared by all organisms and provides organizing principles that under lie life in all it’s diverse forms

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7
Q

Why do all organisms share the same chemical principles?

A

Evolution connects these organisms

All organisms derived from a single common ancestor

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8
Q

What is unique about bacterial cell membranes?

A

they can have multiple membranes with the cell wall in-between

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9
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made out of?

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

What is the plant cell wall made out of?

A

cellulose

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11
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

cell wall in gram negative bacteria is made out of peptidoglycan

transpeptidase enzyme synthesizes the cell wall

tanspeptidase enzyme is blocked by penicillin

without cell wall, water flows into the hypertonic cell environment and cell lysis occurs

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12
Q

B-lactamase

A

An enzyme that breaks down penicillin
Bacteria have evolved to share this gene through plasmids
Plasmids are passed through conjugation``

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13
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aereus

tougher to treat than most strains of staph because resistant to many commonly used antibiotics

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14
Q

Chemotrophs

A

derive their energy from the oxidization of chemical fuel

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15
Q

Phototrophs

A

trap and use sunlight

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16
Q

Autotrophs

A

synthesize all of their biomolecules directly from CO2

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17
Q

Hetereotrophs

A

require some performed organic nutrients made by other organisms

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18
Q

How would we describe humans mode of nutrituion?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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19
Q

How would we describe cyanobacteria’s mode of nutrition?

A

Photoautotrophs

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20
Q

Synergy

A

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

This can be applied to biological systems

Ex: neurons don’t do much on their own but come together to create the complex brain

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21
Q

Emergent property

A

a novel property that arises at a specific level of organization

ex: life (novel property) emerges at the level of a cell but is not found in any simpler levels

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22
Q

What type of experiments were used to determine the content of cells in the 20th century?

A

centrifugation

separates different contents of the cell based on weight

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23
Q

Reductionist science

A

Breaks a system into little parts to see how they work and interact with eachother

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24
Q

What is bigger a nanometer or a micrometer?

A

Micrometer

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25
How many nanometers is 1 micrometer?
1000 There are a 1000 nanometers in 1 micrometer
26
What elements are humans composed of? (in order from greatest amount to least)
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
27
What structure does carbon typically make?
tetrahedral structure with bond angle of 109.5º able to rotate around single bonds
28
What are biomolecules derivatives of?
Hydrocarbons
29
Stereoisomers
molecules with the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula but different configuration
30
Configuration
the fixed spatial arrangement of atoms to change configuration need to break a bond
31
R-configuration
clockwise
32
S-configuration
counterclockwise
33
How is conformation different from configuration?
can't go from one configuration to another without breaking a covalent bond can change conformation by rotating around bonds
34
What is available chemical energy of a cell determined by?
the concentrations of ATP and NAD(P)H available
35
Catabolism
extracting energy from bonds and converting to ATP breaking down things to liberate energy
36
Anabolism
using ATP and NAD(P)H to perform biochemical work putting things together
37
Free energy
the energy available to do work
38
Exergonic reactions
occur with -G energy is released, reactions are spontaneous
39
Endergonic reactions
occur with +G energy needs to be put in to occur does not happen spontaneously
40
How can you make a reaction occur spontaneously overall?
Combine exergonic and endergonic reactions
41
Does the universe tend to go to higher or lower entropy?
Higher entropy More disorder
42
Why does ATP want to lose a phosphate?
all the negatively charged phosphates in ATP make it somewhat unstable with high energy
43
Is it exergonic or endergonic to break apart ATP?
exergonic
44
Why is water a polar molecule?
Oxygen is electronegative and pulls electrons towards it creating a partial negative charge Hydrogen gains a partial positive charge
45
Hydrogen bonds
occur between partial negative oxygen and partial positive hydrogen on separate molecules
46
Why do polar and charged biomolecules dissolve in water?
Water's partial charge interacts with charges on molecules to separate them These changes are also energetically favorable
47
Flickering clusters
Water exist in a cluster for a picosecond and then change Hydrogen bonding constantly changing
48
How many water molecules will hydrogen bond together?
3-4
49
What properties does hydrogen bonding give water?
High cohesion High specific heat and heat of vaporization Ice is less dense than water
50
Why is ice less dense than water?
Water molecules freeze in an orientation that makes them further apart in ice
51
Polar molecules
typically have oxygen or charged differences in electronegativity
52
Nonpolar molecules
typically have long chains of hydrocarbons maybe have one or two carbonyls or ethers, but no charges
53
Amphipathic molecules
have hydrocarbon chains but also charges/large polar regions
54
Why do hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules conjugate around eachother?
When water is organized around a hydrophobic molecule it has less entropy. Water would rather be free to move. Minimizes water having to be caged around hydrophobic molecules and increases the amount of entropy.
55
4-types of noncovalent bonds
van der Waals interactions, H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions
56
Hydrophobic interactions
occur from being pushed away from water, not that they are actually attracted to eachother
57
van der Waals interactions
random variations in the positions of the electrons around one nucleus may create a transient electric dipole, which induces a transient, opposite electric dipole these two dipoles weakly attract eachother and bring the nuclei closer together
58
In biological systems are ionic bonds are
weaker than covalent bonds since occuring in aqueous environment that will pull them apart
59
Ionic bonding
refers to the complete transfer of valence electrons
60
Osmosis
water movement across a semipermeable membrane driven by differences in osmotic pressure
61
Isotonic
solutions of osmolarity equal to that of a cell's cytosol
62
Hypotonic
solution of osmolarity less than that of a cell's cytosol inside of cell is more concentrated water moves into the cell
63
Hypetonic
solution of osmolarity more than that of a cell's cytosol outside of cell is more concentrated water moves out of the cell
64
How does water act as a weak acid?
Gives up a H+ proton
65
What is Keq?
ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium Keq=[products]/[reactants]
66
Proton hopping
short "hops" of protons between a series of hydrogen-bonded water molecules result in an extremely rapid net movement of a proton over a long distance
67
Triprotic acids
can lose multiple protons as they lose more protons, the molecule becomes more negative and pH increases
68
Equilibrium constant (Ka)
describes the tendency of an acid to dissociate
69
What does a higher Ka mean?
Higher Ka means a stronger acid
70
What does a lower pKa mean?
lower pKa means a stronger acid
71
Buffer
mixture of weak acids and their conjugate base
72
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log[A-]/[HA] can use when you have a buffer
73
Why do enzymes have an optimal pH at which they can work?
as we change pH, we change the charge of molecules in the enzymes these changes can help make reactions occur
74
At low pH there are more...
positive charges
75
At high pH there are more...
negative charges
76
Dynamic equilibrium
the rate of the forward and reverse reaction is the same, so overall concentrations are unchanging
77
True or false organisms are at equilibrium with the environment
False If an organism was at equilibrium with the environment, they would be dead
78
Osmosis
bulk flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane into an aqueous compatment containing solute at higher concetration
79
Osmolarity
measure of solute concentration number of osmoles per liter of solution osmole=amount of solute that dissolves to form one mole
80
Tick borne encephalitis virus
virus is engulfed by the cell and stuck in a lysosome pH of lysosome is 4.5-5 the virus has a histidine with a pKa of 6, so at this pH histidine has a positive charge the positive charge interacts with the negatively charged membrane and inserts genetic information into the cytoplasm of the cell
81
Hydrophobic interactions in DNA
nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic so they conjugate in middle of DNA negatively charged phosphate backbone sticks outwards towards aqueous environment
82
What has signal recoginition particle receptors?
endoplasmic reticulum
83
Where are large numbers of histones?
nucleus
84
What is considered to be the postmaster of the cell?
golgi apparatus
85
What's bigger amino acid or sucrose?
Sucrose is larger
86
What's bigger bacterial cell or mitochondria?
Bacterial cell

Biochem (20 decks)

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