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Biochem > Quiz 1: Lecture Info > Flashcards

Quiz 1: Lecture Info Flashcards

1
Q

How many more bacterial cells are in the body than human cells?

A

10x more

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2
Q

Why are we primarily composed of water?

A

Ancestors originated in water

Water is a great solvent for chemical reactions

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3
Q

How do cells compartmentalize?

A

Cells organize biochemical reactions to occur in specific compartments

Right chemicals at right concentrations in right places

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4
Q

What is used to assemble macromolecules?

A

Basic building blocks of life

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5
Q

What does the study of biochemistry show?

A

How collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact to maintain and perpetuate life animated solely by the chemical and physical laws that govern the nonliving universe

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6
Q

The Molecular Logic of Life

A

biochemistry describes in molecular terms the structure, mechanisms, and chemical processes shared by all organisms and provides organizing principles that under lie life in all it’s diverse forms

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7
Q

Why do all organisms share the same chemical principles?

A

Evolution connects these organisms

All organisms derived from a single common ancestor

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8
Q

What is unique about bacterial cell membranes?

A

they can have multiple membranes with the cell wall in-between

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9
Q

What is the bacterial cell wall made out of?

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

What is the plant cell wall made out of?

A

cellulose

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11
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

cell wall in gram negative bacteria is made out of peptidoglycan

transpeptidase enzyme synthesizes the cell wall

tanspeptidase enzyme is blocked by penicillin

without cell wall, water flows into the hypertonic cell environment and cell lysis occurs

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12
Q

B-lactamase

A

An enzyme that breaks down penicillin
Bacteria have evolved to share this gene through plasmids
Plasmids are passed through conjugation``

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13
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aereus

tougher to treat than most strains of staph because resistant to many commonly used antibiotics

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14
Q

Chemotrophs

A

derive their energy from the oxidization of chemical fuel

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15
Q

Phototrophs

A

trap and use sunlight

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16
Q

Autotrophs

A

synthesize all of their biomolecules directly from CO2

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17
Q

Hetereotrophs

A

require some performed organic nutrients made by other organisms

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18
Q

How would we describe humans mode of nutrituion?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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19
Q

How would we describe cyanobacteria’s mode of nutrition?

A

Photoautotrophs

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20
Q

Synergy

A

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

This can be applied to biological systems

Ex: neurons don’t do much on their own but come together to create the complex brain

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21
Q

Emergent property

A

a novel property that arises at a specific level of organization

ex: life (novel property) emerges at the level of a cell but is not found in any simpler levels

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22
Q

What type of experiments were used to determine the content of cells in the 20th century?

A

centrifugation

separates different contents of the cell based on weight

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23
Q

Reductionist science

A

Breaks a system into little parts to see how they work and interact with eachother

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24
Q

What is bigger a nanometer or a micrometer?

A

Micrometer

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25
Q

How many nanometers is 1 micrometer?

A

1000

There are a 1000 nanometers in 1 micrometer

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26
Q

What elements are humans composed of? (in order from greatest amount to least)

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

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27
Q

What structure does carbon typically make?

A

tetrahedral structure with bond angle of 109.5º

able to rotate around single bonds

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28
Q

What are biomolecules derivatives of?

A

Hydrocarbons

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29
Q

Stereoisomers

A

molecules with the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula but different configuration

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30
Q

Configuration

A

the fixed spatial arrangement of atoms

to change configuration need to break a bond

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31
Q

R-configuration

A

clockwise

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32
Q

S-configuration

A

counterclockwise

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33
Q

How is conformation different from configuration?

A

can’t go from one configuration to another without breaking a covalent bond

can change conformation by rotating around bonds

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34
Q

What is available chemical energy of a cell determined by?

A

the concentrations of ATP and NAD(P)H available

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35
Q

Catabolism

A

extracting energy from bonds and converting to ATP

breaking down things to liberate energy

36
Q

Anabolism

A

using ATP and NAD(P)H to perform biochemical work

putting things together

37
Q

Free energy

A

the energy available to do work

38
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

occur with -G

energy is released, reactions are spontaneous

39
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

occur with +G

energy needs to be put in to occur

does not happen spontaneously

40
Q

How can you make a reaction occur spontaneously overall?

A

Combine exergonic and endergonic reactions

41
Q

Does the universe tend to go to higher or lower entropy?

A

Higher entropy

More disorder

42
Q

Why does ATP want to lose a phosphate?

A

all the negatively charged phosphates in ATP make it somewhat unstable with high energy

43
Q

Is it exergonic or endergonic to break apart ATP?

A

exergonic

44
Q

Why is water a polar molecule?

A

Oxygen is electronegative and pulls electrons towards it creating a partial negative charge

Hydrogen gains a partial positive charge

45
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

occur between partial negative oxygen and partial positive hydrogen on separate molecules

46
Q

Why do polar and charged biomolecules dissolve in water?

A

Water’s partial charge interacts with charges on molecules to separate them

These changes are also energetically favorable

47
Q

Flickering clusters

A

Water exist in a cluster for a picosecond and then change

Hydrogen bonding constantly changing

48
Q

How many water molecules will hydrogen bond together?

A

3-4

49
Q

What properties does hydrogen bonding give water?

A

High cohesion
High specific heat and heat of vaporization
Ice is less dense than water

50
Q

Why is ice less dense than water?

A

Water molecules freeze in an orientation that makes them further apart in ice

51
Q

Polar molecules

A

typically have oxygen or charged

differences in electronegativity

52
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

typically have long chains of hydrocarbons

maybe have one or two carbonyls or ethers, but no charges

53
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

have hydrocarbon chains but also charges/large polar regions

54
Q

Why do hydrophobic, nonpolar molecules conjugate around eachother?

A

When water is organized around a hydrophobic molecule it has less entropy. Water would rather be free to move. Minimizes water having to be caged around hydrophobic molecules and increases the amount of entropy.

55
Q

4-types of noncovalent bonds

A

van der Waals interactions, H-bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions

56
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

occur from being pushed away from water, not that they are actually attracted to eachother

57
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

random variations in the positions of the electrons around one nucleus may create a transient electric dipole, which induces a transient, opposite electric dipole

these two dipoles weakly attract eachother and bring the nuclei closer together

58
Q

In biological systems are ionic bonds are

A

weaker than covalent bonds since occuring in aqueous environment that will pull them apart

59
Q

Ionic bonding

A

refers to the complete transfer of valence electrons

60
Q

Osmosis

A

water movement across a semipermeable membrane driven by differences in osmotic pressure

61
Q

Isotonic

A

solutions of osmolarity equal to that of a cell’s cytosol

62
Q

Hypotonic

A

solution of osmolarity less than that of a cell’s cytosol

inside of cell is more concentrated

water moves into the cell

63
Q

Hypetonic

A

solution of osmolarity more than that of a cell’s cytosol

outside of cell is more concentrated

water moves out of the cell

64
Q

How does water act as a weak acid?

A

Gives up a H+ proton

65
Q

What is Keq?

A

ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium

Keq=[products]/[reactants]

66
Q

Proton hopping

A

short “hops” of protons between a series of hydrogen-bonded water molecules result in an extremely rapid net movement of a proton over a long distance

67
Q

Triprotic acids

A

can lose multiple protons

as they lose more protons, the molecule becomes more negative and pH increases

68
Q

Equilibrium constant (Ka)

A

describes the tendency of an acid to dissociate

69
Q

What does a higher Ka mean?

A

Higher Ka means a stronger acid

70
Q

What does a lower pKa mean?

A

lower pKa means a stronger acid

71
Q

Buffer

A

mixture of weak acids and their conjugate base

72
Q

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

A

pH = pKa + log[A-]/[HA]

can use when you have a buffer

73
Q

Why do enzymes have an optimal pH at which they can work?

A

as we change pH, we change the charge of molecules in the enzymes

these changes can help make reactions occur

74
Q

At low pH there are more…

A

positive charges

75
Q

At high pH there are more…

A

negative charges

76
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

the rate of the forward and reverse reaction is the same, so overall concentrations are unchanging

77
Q

True or false organisms are at equilibrium with the environment

A

False

If an organism was at equilibrium with the environment, they would be dead

78
Q

Osmosis

A

bulk flow of water through a semi-permeable membrane into an aqueous compatment containing solute at higher concetration

79
Q

Osmolarity

A

measure of solute concentration

number of osmoles per liter of solution

osmole=amount of solute that dissolves to form one mole

80
Q

Tick borne encephalitis virus

A

virus is engulfed by the cell and stuck in a lysosome

pH of lysosome is 4.5-5

the virus has a histidine with a pKa of 6, so at this pH histidine has a positive charge

the positive charge interacts with the negatively charged membrane and inserts genetic information into the cytoplasm of the cell

81
Q

Hydrophobic interactions in DNA

A

nitrogenous bases are hydrophobic so they conjugate in middle of DNA

negatively charged phosphate backbone sticks outwards towards aqueous environment

82
Q

What has signal recoginition particle receptors?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

Where are large numbers of histones?

A

nucleus

84
Q

What is considered to be the postmaster of the cell?

A

golgi apparatus

85
Q

What’s bigger amino acid or sucrose?

A

Sucrose is larger

86
Q

What’s bigger bacterial cell or mitochondria?

A

Bacterial cell

Biochem (20 decks)

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