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Biochem > Other Information Final > Flashcards

Other Information Final Flashcards

1
Q

How do you use the energy of triacylglycerides?

A

through beta oxidation of the fatty acids

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2
Q

Difference between sphingolipid and sphingophospholipid?

A

Sphingophospholipid has a phosphate group attached

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3
Q

What bond connects a sphingophospholipid?

A

an amide bond connects to the phosphate

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4
Q

What bond connects a glycerophospholipid?

A

an ester bond connects to the phosphate

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5
Q

phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate

A

is a type of glycerophospholipid

commonly known as PIP2

second messenger used in a variety of pathways

we talk about it being cleaved in DAG and IP3 to release Ca2+

cleaved by phospholipase C in this pathway

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6
Q

phosphatidylserine

A

a type of glycerophospholipids

found on the interior of membranes

abbreviated PS

charge is -1

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7
Q

phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate

A

charge is -4

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8
Q

phosphatidylcholine

A

a type of glycerophospholipid

found on the outer leaflet of membranes

abbreviated PC

charge is 0

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9
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine

A

a type of glycerophospholipid

found on the interior of membranes

abbreviate PE

charge is 0

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10
Q

Do all organelle membranes have the same composition of phospholipids?

A

no

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11
Q

What can happen if you can’t break individual sugars off of gangliosides?

A

diseases such as Tay Sachs when the enzyme does not work and lipids built up inside of the cell

GM2 is the lipid before Tay Sachs and would build up

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12
Q

sphingosine head

A

has a double bonded carbon followed by a branching -OH group

after the -OH group, things like amide groups can be attached to link phosphate groups or more sugars

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13
Q

What is bile acid?

A

a type of sterol

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14
Q

What are the three types of eicosanoids?

A

prostaglandins, thromboxanes, or leukotrienes

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15
Q

What type of inhibition do NSAIDs use to block prostaglandins from producing inflammatory response?

A

competitive inhibition

they block COX enzyme which synthesizes prostaglandin

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16
Q

What is an example of an NSAID?

A

ibuprofin

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17
Q

How do we make sure people get vitamin A?

A

put it in rice

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18
Q

Why does the body need vitamin K?

A

needs to be able to convert GLU to GLA residues

this activates an enzyme which cleaves prothrombin to thrombin

thrombin then cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin which causes the clotting of blood

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19
Q

Warfarin

A

is an antagonist and blood thinner

competes with Vitamin K to bind to enzyme that cleaves prothrombin to thrombin

when Warfarin binds there is less blood clotting because thrombin is not activated

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20
Q

Antagonist

A

type of ligand or drug that binds to a site and blocks the receptor rather than activating it

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21
Q

What do vitamin K and vitamin E have?

A

isoprene units

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22
Q

What is an example of a sphingophospholipid?

A

sphingomyelin

one phosphate group for one fatty acid chain

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23
Q

How can you recognize the structure of cholesterol?

A

the polar -OH group on the steriod head

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24
Q

How does vitamin D3 get converted into usable nutrients?

A

by the liver and kidneys

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25
Q

Where do we get vitamin D from?

A

UV light in the sun

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26
Q

What happens if you can’t break down sphingomyelin?

A

Niemann-Pick disease

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27
Q

Epimers

A

configuration of carbohydrate differs at a single carbon

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28
Q

Alpha versus beta carbohydrates

A
  • OH group at anomeric carbon points upward is a beta carbohydrate
  • OH group at anomeric carbon points downwards is an alpha carbohydrate
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29
Q

Hemiacetal versus hemiketal

A

Hemiacetal is -OH, -OR, -H, and -R

Hemiketal is -OH, -OR, -R1, and -R2

30
Q

How is a hemiacetal formed?

A

-OH group attacks carbonyl group at the anomeric carbon

31
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

in a ring structure, this is the carbonyl that was attacked to form a hemiacetal/hemiketal

32
Q

mutarotation

A

flipping between alpha and beta form at anomeric carbon

33
Q

What happens once you have a glycosidic bond?

A

no more mutarotation

hemiacetal is replaced with an acetal group

34
Q

Non-reducing sugars

A

sugars that do not have an open anomeric end (no hemiacetal / hemiketal)

need to be able to linearize in order to be a reducing sugar

35
Q

Starch and glycogen

A

Homopolysaccharides of glucose used to store energy

Connected at alpha 1-4

Branched at 1-6

Can break down starch and glycogen at the alpha 1-4 linkage

36
Q

Does glycogen phosphorylase bind to the reducing or nonreducing end of glycogen?

A

binds to nonreducing ends

there are more nonreducing ends to bind to so it is more efficient

there is only one reducing end

37
Q

Alpha linkages versus beta linkages structure

A

Alpha linkages are helical and can hydrogen bond with water

Beta linkages are zig zagged and hydrogen bond with themselves

We can break down alpha linkages but not beta linkages

38
Q

Cellulose and Chitin

A

use beta linkages so we cannot break them down

need to use bacteria in the gut to do this

used more for structure, while starch and glycogen are used for energy storage

39
Q

What are blood types produced by?

A

sphingolipids with different oligosaccharide chains

40
Q

How can the cell change and respond to a signal?

A

cellular environment
protein activity
gene expression

41
Q

CFTR chloride transport

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)

a membrane protein that transports chlorides

*need to look at more info on pg 415

42
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

prevents GDP exchange for GTP in Gai

leads to sustained activation of adenyl cyclase and elevated cAMP levels

43
Q

Gai versus Gas subunits

A

Activating Gai leads to inactivation of adenyl cyclase

Gas subunit stimulates activation of adenyl cyclase

44
Q

Cholera toxin versus pertussis toxin

A

Cholera works on the Gas subunit while pertussis works on the Gai

both lead to same response and activation of adenyl cyclase

45
Q

What type of inhibitor is viagra?

A

viagra works as an competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase

prevents breakdown of cGMP

46
Q

Herceptin (what it is and the ways it works)

A

monoclonal antibody that binds to the HER2 protein

Tyrosine kinase is HER2 protein in cancer cells

Cancer cells have many more tyrosine kinase receptors in order to bind growth factor even in low concentrations

herceptin binds to tyrosine kinase and target them for the immune system

herceptin also works as an antagonist and blocks growth factor from entering the tyrosine kinase

47
Q

What is the advantage of using a monoclonal antibody to target cancer cells?

A

all the antibodies are uniform which prevents side effects

48
Q

Vassopressin

A

does the opposite of viagra and triggers vassoconstriction

is an example of a peptide hormone

elevates Ca2+ levels

Presses those veins together!

49
Q

How do constituents of the cell membrane freely move?

A

through non-covalent weak interactions

50
Q

Amphoteric membrane proteins

A

not permanently associated with the cell membrane but associate dyanmically

peripheral membrane proteins are like this too

51
Q

Which direction do flippases and floppases move?

A

flippases move stuff from extracellular leaflets to intracellular leaflets

floppases move stuff from intracellular leaftlets to extracellular leaflets

52
Q

Chloride bicarbonate transporter

A

passive transporter

moves negative bicarbonate out of the cell and negative chloride into the cell

maintains electrical balance

antiport: molecules move in opposite directions

53
Q

Lactose transporter

A

Secondary active transporter

Initial endergonic pumping of H+ out / the exergonic flow of H+ in is coupled to allow lactose to flow against its gradient

After H+s are pumped against their gradient, they fall back down their natural gradient and take lactose with them

Hydrogen cyanide can block the lactose transporter

54
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

primary active transporter

pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

Cotransporter: phosphorylation of a critical Asp causes conformational changes

55
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

breaks off a glucose from a glycogen chain

triggered in response to a phosphorylation cascade that begins with PKA

inhibited by insulin

56
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus dumps vassopressin and oxytoxin to posterior pituitary through a neuron

then, posterior pituitary distributes these hormones into the bloodstream

57
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus sends tropic hormones to the anterior pituitary through the blood stream

58
Q

thermogenin

A

used in brown adipose cells to generate heat

disrupts mitochondrial membranes

59
Q

How do you breakdown fatty acids?

A

beta oxidation

60
Q

Two examples of ketoacids

A

acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate

61
Q

How do you have both ketoacidosis and high blood sugar levels in diabetes?

A

the cell does not have enough internal sugar, so goes into panic mood and does gluconeogenesis

cell ends up producing more glucose and putting in blood stream

at the same time, don’t have enough sugar in cell so have to use lipids for fuel and go into ketoacidosis

62
Q

From which end do you start labeling omega carbons on fatty acids?

A

Start from the opposite end of the carboxylic acid

63
Q

What does GTPase do?

A

hydrolyzes GTP to GDP

turns off activated g-proteins

64
Q

How are the D/L configurations of carbohydrates related?

A

they are enantiomers

65
Q

Which subunit does cholera bind to?

A

the g-alpha subunit

prevents GTP from becoming GDP

66
Q

Example of a peptide hormone

A

insulin

67
Q

Example of a catelcholamine hormone

A

epinephrine

68
Q

What do you use to make fatty acids in the liver?

A

acetyl coA

69
Q

What does not happen to amino acids in the liver?

A

they are not stored for later use

either made into new proteins, used to make pyruvate, precursors for nucleotide synthesis

70
Q

What are the substrates and products of PFK?

A

fructose 6-phosphate + ATP –> fructose 1,6-bisphose + ADP

Biochem (20 decks)

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