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Lecture 9 Information Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Energy storage
Cell structure (like bilayer)
Signaling molecules, cofactors, and pigments

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2
Q

What is an advantage of lipids as a fuel versus sugars energetically?

A

Lipids are hydrocarbons so they have less oxygen

Since oxygen oxidizes carbon and takes away electron density, it lowers the energy of the molecule

Therefore, lipids have more energy than sugars since they have less oxygen

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3
Q

What is an additional advantage of lipids a fuel versus sugars?

A

they are insoluble in water so there is no extra water weight

in other words, fat is lighter

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4
Q

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A

Carboxylic acid with a hydrocarbon chain

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5
Q

Saturated fat

A

no double bonds

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6
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

has double bonds

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7
Q

What is healthier saturated or unsaturated fat?

A

Unsaturated fats like olive oil

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8
Q

What happens as chains get longer in fatty acids?

A

Solubility decreases

longer chains interact with each other through Van Der Waals interactions and can precipitate out of solution

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9
Q

What are typical lengths for fatty acids?

A

Even numbered length between 12 and 24 carbons

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10
Q

What conformation are double bonds in in fatty acids?

A

cis

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11
Q

What happens to fluidity when a molecule is saturated?

A

becomes less fluid because strands can get closer together due to lack of kinks

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12
Q

What creates trans-fats?

A

hydrogenation to increase storage life and make more stable at high temperatures

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13
Q

Triaclygylcerols

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol linked together through ester linkages

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14
Q

Where do we find Triaclyglycerols?

A

In adipose cells for energy storage

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15
Q

Characteristics of Triaclyglycerols

A

very insoluble

can be simple or mixed

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16
Q

Lipases

A

enzymes that hydrolyze off fatty acids for export of energy

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17
Q

What happens if lipases do not work?

A

Get a build up of the lipid that precedes the enzyme in the pathway

Can lead to cell death and neurogenerative diseases

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18
Q

Examples of neurogenerative diseases caused by malfunctioning lipases

A

Tay Sachs

Niemann-Pick

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19
Q

What causes Niemann-Pick disease?

A

sphingomyelinase which breaks down sphingomyelin doesn’t work

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20
Q

Wax

A

two long hydrocarbon chains linked together through an ester carbonyl group

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21
Q

Characteristics of wax

A

high melting point

water repellent

allows for bouyancy in whales since wax is lightweight

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22
Q

Phospholipids structure and characteristics

A

amphipathic molecules

two fatty acid chains with a phosphoryl group head

form bilayers

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23
Q

What type of molecules have trouble crossing the phospholipid bilayer?

A

hydrophillic/polar molecules

the lipids are hydrophobic and make it hard for polar molecules to cross

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24
Q

Liposome

A

spherical-shaped vesicle that is composed of one or more phospholipid bilayers

thought to be the early structure of cells in evolution as water and RNA mixed in the sphere

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25
List 5 general membrane lipids
``` Glycerophospholipids (aka phospholipids) Spingolipids (can be a phospholipid too) Sterols Galactolipids/sulfolipids Tetraether lipids (not ours, these are archaeal) ```
26
Glycerophospholipids
two fatty acids that are attached to glycerol have a phosphate group attached to the glycerol
27
Do all Glycerophospholipids have two fatty acid chains?
No Some molecules found in the heart only have 1 fatty acid chain This makes it harder for lipases to cut the phospholipid
28
Examples of Glycerophospholipids with one fatty acid chain
Plasmalogen and platelet activating-factor
29
Spingolipids
do not use glycerol, but instead have one hydrocarbon chain known as the sphingosine
30
List three types of Spingolipids, which are determined by the group attached to the sphingosine
Sphingomyelin Glycosphingolipid Gangliosides
31
Sphingomyelin
a type of spingolipid that has a phosphate group attached to the sphingosine is technically a phospholipid only one fatty acid chain per phosphate has no net charge on head
32
Glycosphingolipid
a type of spingolipid that has a sugar group attached to the sphingosine usually on outer face of plasma membrane with sugar group no net charge sugar group helps contribute to recognition
33
Gangliosides
a type of spingolipid that has multiple sugar groups attached net negative charge from sialic acid
34
What is attached to sugars on gangliosides?
sialic acid can have one or multiple sialic acids attached
35
Sterols
structural lipids found in the membranes of most eukaryotes made from the steriod nucleus
36
Are cholesterols polar?
they are amphipathetic with polar -OH group on the steriod nucleus head
37
Describe the steriod nucleus
planar and stiff made from ring structures
38
Do steriods always have a hydrocarbon tail?
not always! defining feature is actually the steriod head
39
Taurocholic acid (bile acid)
an example of a sterol emulsifies fats by tearing apart glycerol makes fats more likely to be broken down by lipases
40
Borrelia burgdorferi
bacteria that causes lyme disease 45% of its lipids are cholesterol-glycolipids, but the bacteria itself cannot make cholesterol Borrelia burgdorferi gets cholesterol from the host that they have infected
41
Examples of signaling lipids
Phosphatidylinositol and sphingosine derivatives Eicosanoids Steroid hormones Vitamins A, D, K and E
42
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 Biphosphate (PIP2)
a signaling glycerophsopholipid has a total of 3 phosphates in its glycerol head structure
43
PIP2 mechanism
is processed by phosholipase C which removes the triglycerol head (IP3) IP3 goes into the endoplasmic reticulum to signal the release of calcium Diacyl glycerol (DAG) remains in the cell membrane and can also serve as a signal DAG interacts with protein kinase A which binds calcium and results in the phosphorylation of many molecules
44
What type of signaling are Eicosanoids involved in?
paracrine signaling short distance signaling
45
What are all types of Eicosanoids derived from?
Arachidonic acid
46
Prostaglandin
a type of eicosanoid that is characterized by a 5 membered ring Prostaglandin is involved in fever, muscle contracting, blood clotting
47
NSAIDs
nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug inhibits COX which synthesizes prostaglandin this reduced prostaglandin and the effects of inflammation
48
Steriods
used in endocrine (long distance) signaling have ring structure
49
How do steroids signals interact with the cell?
they are hydrophobic so they can cross the lipid bilayer and go into the cell receptor for steroids is often inside the cytoplasm receptors binds the steroid hormone than go into the nucleus where they act as a transcription factor for gene expression
50
Two uses for Vitamin A
is used in retinol form in our eyes regulates gene expression for tissue growth as retionic acid
51
Are vitamins soluble?
No
52
Vitamin A and your eyes
B-carotene is cleaved to make two vitamin A molecules which are oxidized to make retinal pigment when light hits retinal pigment, there is a configurational change from cis to trans which triggers signal to brain (Retinal pigment can also get transformed into retinoic acid which is used to signal epithelial cells)
53
Vitamin D
when UV light hits the skin, we produce vitamin D3 Vitamin D3 gets converted by our kidneys and livers into usable nutrients People with melanin block UV light which can lead to vitamin D defencies
54
Vitamin E
Isoprenoid obtained from our diet Antioxidant- associated with cell membranes and lipoproteins Protects unsaturated fatty acids from accidental oxidation
55
Vitamin K
Isoprenoid obtained from our diet Undergoes cycle of oxidation and reduction during formation of Prothrombin Important for blood clotting
56
Isoprenoid
Specific type of carbon group found in vitamin E and K Other isoprenoids are Warfarin, Ubiquinone, and Plastoquinone
57
What are most lipids polymers of?
isoprene
58
What is prostaglandin made from?
fatty acids
59
What does platelet activating factor contains?
an ether-linked alkyl group
60
What is cardiolipin?
a glycerophospholipid NOT a sphingosine
61
Name some sphingolipids
ceramide cerebrosides gangliosides
62
What do cerebrosides contain?
fatty acids
63
Are sterols commonly found in bacteria membranes?
no
64
Tay-Sachs disease is caused due to
genetic defect in the metabolism of gangliosides
65
Which vitamin is not fat soluble?
vitamin C
66
What is vitamin D derived from?
cholesterol
67
What is cortisol derived from?
sterols
68
Why do lipids float?
lower specific gravities than water
69
What do archael membrane lipids have?
alkyl acids
70
An example of a glycerophospholipid that is involved in cell signaling is:
phosphatidylinositol
71
What are biological uses of waxes?
energy storage lubrication water proofing structure
72
Are triaglycerols found in membranes?
no?
73
Why is platelet activating factor so water soluble?
it's ester linked acetic acid at the C-2 of glycerol
74
What type of membrane lipids are commonly found in plants?
galactolipids
75
Fatty acids are attached to sphingosine by what type of chemical linkage?
amide
76
Bile acids are derived from what?
cholesterol
77
Signaling lipids produced by platelets in formation of blood clots
thromboxanes
78
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the synthesis of which signaling lipids from arachidonic acid?
both prostaglandins and thromboxanes
79
Thromboxanes
help with blood clotting a type of cholesterol
80
Is aspirin lipid based?
no
81
Glycerophospholipids
membrane lipids two fatty acids are attached through ester linkage to glycerol glycerol also has a phosphodiester linkage and phosphate
82
glycolipids
a sphingolipid that has a simple sugar or complex oligosaccharide at their polar ends
83
ether lipids
plasmalogens and platet-activating factors are linked to glycerol-phosphate through ethers found in the heart
84
galactolipids
predominate in plant cells a type of membrane lipid one or galactose residues are connected by a glycosidic linkage
85
sphingolipids are what type of lipid?
membrane lipid
86
ceramide
the parent of all sphingolipids a fatty acid attached to the amide of the sphingosine
87
Cerebrosides
have a single sugar linked to cermide
88
Globosides
glycosphingolipids with two or more sugars
89
What determines blood type?
sphingolipids in the membrane
90
In what organelle are phospholipids and sphingolipids degraded?
lysosomes
91
What are the 3 types of eicosaniod signaling lipids?
prostaglandins thromboxanes leukotrienes
92
steriod
oxidized derivatives of sterols that are used in endocrine signaling
93
Difference between steriods and sterols?
Steriods are a type of sterol used for signaling Not all sterols are used in signaling. For example, cholesterol is used in the cell membrane for fluidity
94
Prothrombin
proteolytic enzyme that splits peptide bonds in the blood to convert fibrinogen to fibrin
95
Do branched chains increase or decrease fluidity?
increase fluidity

Biochem (20 decks)

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