Lecture 12 Information

Question 1

Hormones

Answer 1

signaling molecules that travel from one area of the body to another

Question 2

Metazoans

Answer 2

have different tissues that accomplish different jobs and need to communicate to each other

Question 3

What controls hormones?

Answer 3

the neuro-endocrine system

Question 4

Soluble hormones

Answer 4

have polar groups and can interact with water

interact with extracellular receptors

signals are amplified and work fast

Question 5

Insoluble hormones

Answer 5

nonpolar groups and can travel through the membrane

interact with intracellular receptors

signals have a slower response than soluble hormones

Question 6

Insulin

Answer 6

peptide hormone

decreases sugar concentration in the blood

Preproinsulin gets clipped twice to become mature, active insulin

Store insulin in vesicles that can be released through exocytosis

Question 7

Example of a peptide hormone

Answer 7

insulin

Question 8

Catecholamine hormones

Answer 8

water soluble (bind extracellularly)

Named after “catechol ring” that is base (2 -OH groups on benzene)

Highly concentrated in secretory vesicles released through exocytosis

Question 9

Example of catecholamine hormone

Answer 9

epinephrine

Question 10

Eicosanoids

Answer 10

all made from arachidonate (type of fatty acid)

produce as needed (unlike peptide and catecholamine hormones)

Question 11

Examples of eicosanoids

Answer 11

prostaglandin, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

Question 12

Steriod hormones

Answer 12

4 fused ring structure

all derived from cholesterol

travel to target tissue through blood on protein carriers

all act through internal receptors

Question 13

Examples of steroid hormones

Answer 13

Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, estradiol, aldosterone

Question 14

Vitamin D Hormones

Answer 14

produced in our skin as a result of UV light hitting our skin

Liver and kidneys then produce the final form we use in our bodies

Question 15

Retinoid hormones

Answer 15

beta carotene is needed to make these (obtained through diet)

beta carotene is converted to Vitamin A (retinol) and retinoic acid

retinoic acid is used for signaling between cells during development

Question 16

Thyroid hormones

Answer 16

T3 and T4 type of thyroid hormones

plays an important role in our metabolism

interact with receptors on our thyroid (mediated by g-proteins)

hormones are released through proteolysis on a need-based basis

Question 17

Difference between T3 and T4 hormones

Answer 17

how many iodines are attached

Question 18

Nitric oxide

Answer 18

a gas

made by NO synthase from arginine

acts on cells near its production site (not long distance)

Question 19

Which types of hormones are made from lipids?

Answer 19

steroids, eicosanoids, vitamin D, retinoid

Question 20

Which types of hormones use intracellular receptors?

Answer 20

steroid, thyroid, vitamin D, retinoid, NO

Question 21

Which types of hormones are made in advance of signaling and stored?

Answer 21

peptide and catecholamine

Question 22

Which types of hormones have ring structures?

Answer 22

steroid, catecholamine, thyroid and some eicosanoids

Question 23

Central nervous system

Answer 23

orders the endocrine system to make hormones

top-down control

goes from central nervous system to hypothalmus to two parts of pituitary gland

Question 24

Liver

Answer 24

metabolic superhero that can quickly change its response to different signals

liver processes materials and filters toxins that come into our body

Question 25

How do nutrients get to our liver?

Answer 25

through the circulatory system

Question 26

Hepatocyte

Answer 26

refers to liver cells

Question 27

What signal do hepatocytes respond to in order to release more glucose into the blood stream?

Answer 27

glucagon

Question 28

What signal do myocytes respond to in order to release more glucose into the blood stream?

Answer 28

epinephrine

Question 29

myocytes

Answer 29

refers to muscle cells

Question 30

Glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 30

breaks a glucose off of glycogen on the nonreducing end glycogen phosphorylase is activated through a phosphorylation cascade

Question 31

How does glucose get released from glycogen?

Answer 31

cAMP is produced from adenlyl cyclase cAMP activated PKA which then triggers a phosphorylation cascade

Question 32

What happens to glucose in the bloodstream?

Answer 32

glucose is taken up by other cells through hexokinase hexokinase transforms glucose to glucose 6-phosphate glucose 6-phopshate gets converted to glucose 1-phosphate and then goes to glycogen for storage

Question 33

What triggers glucose to be uptaken by cells?

Answer 33

insulin decreases blood-sugar concentration

Question 34

What happens when carbs interact with the liver?

Answer 34

GLUT2 transporter brings glucose into the liver Glucokinase turns glucose into glucose-6 phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate is a central metabolite used in a variety of pathways

Question 35

Glucokinase

Answer 35

converts glucose into glucose-6 phosphate has a high Km (low binding affinity) will not use glucose unless neccessary, does not bind glucose when glucose concentration is low

Question 36

Glucose 6-phosphate

Answer 36

a central metabolite used in MANY different pathways Main pathway is to be turned into pyruvate and then acetyl coA to be used in citric acid cycle

Question 37

What happens when amino acids meet the liver?

Answer 37

amino acids/proteins are used as a source of protein when the body is in starvation mode can take off amino acid section to leave two carbons that can be used for acetyl coA or pyruvate for energy production

Question 38

Where does amino group go when broken down in the liver?

Answer 38

the amino group goes to urea to be disposed as waste in urea

Question 39

What happens when lipids meet the liver?

Answer 39

lipids are usually used as fuel to make ATP lipids are also converted to membranes lipids can be made into ketone bodies to be sent off to other tissues

Question 40

How are lipids converted to fuel in the liver?

Answer 40

through beta-oxidation they are converted to two carbon units to be used as acetyl coA beta oxidation reduces FAD to FADH2 and oxidizes the lipid

Question 41

What do neurons use for energy?

Answer 41

glucose need glucose to power the sodium-potassium pump to move ions against their concentration gradient

Question 42

Adipose cells

Answer 42

store triaglycerides (fat)

Question 43

White adipose cells

Answer 43

store a huge droplet of fat used for storage

Question 44

brown adipose cells

Answer 44

store more mitochondria and less triaglycerides used to generate HEAT through breaking down triaglycerides fat is broken down through beta-oxidation to make acetyl coA for energy production energy produced by classic method in the mitochondria

Question 45

Thermogenin

Answer 45

uncoupling protein used in brown adipose cells fits into the mitochondrial membrane and disrupts the protein concentration gradient generates heat

Question 46

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 46

hypothalmus uses neurons to send vesicles full of vassopressin and oxtyocin to the posterior pituitary gland then, posterior pituitary gland sends vassopressin and oxtyocin into the bloodstream

Question 47

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 47

hypothalmus sends signals through the blood vessels to interact with the anterior pituitary gland

Question 48

What process breaks down insulin into its functional form?

Answer 48

proteolysis

Question 49

What amino acid are catecholamines derived from?

Answer 49

tyrosine

Question 50

What amino acid is nitric oxide derived from?

Answer 50

arginine

Question 51

What type of hormones does anterior pituitary gland release?

Answer 51

tropic hormones

Question 52

What does hypothalmus produce and release?

Answer 52

releasing factors

Question 53

What is the preferred fuel for skeletal muscles?

Answer 53

fatty acids

Question 54

What can replentish ATP in muscle cells?

Answer 54

phosphocreatine

Question 55

What produces lactate?

Answer 55

cori cycle

Question 56

What does brain use as energy source?

Answer 56

prefers glucose but can use ketone bodies in desperate times

Question 57

What does insulin inhibit?

Answer 57

glycogen phosphorylase prevents glycogen from being broken down to glucose