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Biochem > Lecture 12 Information > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Information Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones

A

signaling molecules that travel from one area of the body to another

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2
Q

Metazoans

A

have different tissues that accomplish different jobs and need to communicate to each other

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3
Q

What controls hormones?

A

the neuro-endocrine system

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4
Q

Soluble hormones

A

have polar groups and can interact with water

interact with extracellular receptors

signals are amplified and work fast

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5
Q

Insoluble hormones

A

nonpolar groups and can travel through the membrane

interact with intracellular receptors

signals have a slower response than soluble hormones

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6
Q

Insulin

A

peptide hormone

decreases sugar concentration in the blood

Preproinsulin gets clipped twice to become mature, active insulin

Store insulin in vesicles that can be released through exocytosis

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7
Q

Example of a peptide hormone

A

insulin

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8
Q

Catecholamine hormones

A

water soluble (bind extracellularly)

Named after “catechol ring” that is base (2 -OH groups on benzene)

Highly concentrated in secretory vesicles released through exocytosis

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9
Q

Example of catecholamine hormone

A

epinephrine

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10
Q

Eicosanoids

A

all made from arachidonate (type of fatty acid)

produce as needed (unlike peptide and catecholamine hormones)

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11
Q

Examples of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandin, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

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12
Q

Steriod hormones

A

4 fused ring structure

all derived from cholesterol

travel to target tissue through blood on protein carriers

all act through internal receptors

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13
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

A

Progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, estradiol, aldosterone

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14
Q

Vitamin D Hormones

A

produced in our skin as a result of UV light hitting our skin

Liver and kidneys then produce the final form we use in our bodies

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15
Q

Retinoid hormones

A

beta carotene is needed to make these (obtained through diet)

beta carotene is converted to Vitamin A (retinol) and retinoic acid

retinoic acid is used for signaling between cells during development

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16
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3 and T4 type of thyroid hormones

plays an important role in our metabolism

interact with receptors on our thyroid (mediated by g-proteins)

hormones are released through proteolysis on a need-based basis

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17
Q

Difference between T3 and T4 hormones

A

how many iodines are attached

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18
Q

Nitric oxide

A

a gas

made by NO synthase from arginine

acts on cells near its production site (not long distance)

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19
Q

Which types of hormones are made from lipids?

A

steroids, eicosanoids, vitamin D, retinoid

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20
Q

Which types of hormones use intracellular receptors?

A

steroid, thyroid, vitamin D, retinoid, NO

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21
Q

Which types of hormones are made in advance of signaling and stored?

A

peptide and catecholamine

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22
Q

Which types of hormones have ring structures?

A

steroid, catecholamine, thyroid and some eicosanoids

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23
Q

Central nervous system

A

orders the endocrine system to make hormones

top-down control

goes from central nervous system to hypothalmus to two parts of pituitary gland

24
Q

Liver

A

metabolic superhero that can quickly change its response to different signals

liver processes materials and filters toxins that come into our body

25
Q

How do nutrients get to our liver?

A

through the circulatory system

26
Q

Hepatocyte

A

refers to liver cells

27
Q

What signal do hepatocytes respond to in order to release more glucose into the blood stream?

A

glucagon

28
Q

What signal do myocytes respond to in order to release more glucose into the blood stream?

A

epinephrine

29
Q

myocytes

A

refers to muscle cells

30
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

breaks a glucose off of glycogen on the nonreducing end

glycogen phosphorylase is activated through a phosphorylation cascade

31
Q

How does glucose get released from glycogen?

A

cAMP is produced from adenlyl cyclase

cAMP activated PKA which then triggers a phosphorylation cascade

32
Q

What happens to glucose in the bloodstream?

A

glucose is taken up by other cells through hexokinase

hexokinase transforms glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

glucose 6-phopshate gets converted to glucose 1-phosphate and then goes to glycogen for storage

33
Q

What triggers glucose to be uptaken by cells?

A

insulin

decreases blood-sugar concentration

34
Q

What happens when carbs interact with the liver?

A

GLUT2 transporter brings glucose into the liver

Glucokinase turns glucose into glucose-6 phosphate

Glucose-6-phosphate is a central metabolite used in a variety of pathways

35
Q

Glucokinase

A

converts glucose into glucose-6 phosphate

has a high Km (low binding affinity)

will not use glucose unless neccessary, does not bind glucose when glucose concentration is low

36
Q

Glucose 6-phosphate

A

a central metabolite used in MANY different pathways

Main pathway is to be turned into pyruvate and then acetyl coA to be used in citric acid cycle

37
Q

What happens when amino acids meet the liver?

A

amino acids/proteins are used as a source of protein when the body is in starvation mode

can take off amino acid section to leave two carbons that can be used for acetyl coA or pyruvate for energy production

38
Q

Where does amino group go when broken down in the liver?

A

the amino group goes to urea to be disposed as waste in urea

39
Q

What happens when lipids meet the liver?

A

lipids are usually used as fuel to make ATP

lipids are also converted to membranes

lipids can be made into ketone bodies to be sent off to other tissues

40
Q

How are lipids converted to fuel in the liver?

A

through beta-oxidation they are converted to two carbon units to be used as acetyl coA

beta oxidation reduces FAD to FADH2 and oxidizes the lipid

41
Q

What do neurons use for energy?

A

glucose

need glucose to power the sodium-potassium pump to move ions against their concentration gradient

42
Q

Adipose cells

A

store triaglycerides (fat)

43
Q

White adipose cells

A

store a huge droplet of fat

used for storage

44
Q

brown adipose cells

A

store more mitochondria and less triaglycerides

used to generate HEAT through breaking down triaglycerides

fat is broken down through beta-oxidation to make acetyl coA for energy production

energy produced by classic method in the mitochondria

45
Q

Thermogenin

A

uncoupling protein used in brown adipose cells

fits into the mitochondrial membrane and disrupts the protein concentration gradient

generates heat

46
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalmus uses neurons to send vesicles full of vassopressin and oxtyocin to the posterior pituitary gland

then, posterior pituitary gland sends vassopressin and oxtyocin into the bloodstream

47
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalmus sends signals through the blood vessels to interact with the anterior pituitary gland

48
Q

What process breaks down insulin into its functional form?

A

proteolysis

49
Q

What amino acid are catecholamines derived from?

A

tyrosine

50
Q

What amino acid is nitric oxide derived from?

A

arginine

51
Q

What type of hormones does anterior pituitary gland release?

A

tropic hormones

52
Q

What does hypothalmus produce and release?

A

releasing factors

53
Q

What is the preferred fuel for skeletal muscles?

A

fatty acids

54
Q

What can replentish ATP in muscle cells?

A

phosphocreatine

55
Q

What produces lactate?

A

cori cycle

56
Q

What does brain use as energy source?

A

prefers glucose but can use ketone bodies in desperate times

57
Q

What does insulin inhibit?

A

glycogen phosphorylase

prevents glycogen from being broken down to glucose

Biochem (20 decks)

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