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Biochem > Mini Lecture on Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Mini Lecture on Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

energy
structure
cell identifcation

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2
Q

Two major forms of monosaccharides

A

aldehydes and ketones

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3
Q

What conformation are sugars generally in?

A

D-conformation

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4
Q

Epimers

A

carbohydrates have the same chemical formula but are different from each other because of the arrangment of functional groups

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5
Q

Examples of epimers

A

D-glucose versus D-galactose versus D-Mannose

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6
Q

How is ring structure formed?

A

an oxygen from an -OH group interacts with a carbonyl group

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7
Q

Alpha rings

A

the hydroxyl group in down from the carbonyl group

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8
Q

Beta rings

A

the hydroxyl group is up from the carbonyl group

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9
Q

Anomeric relationship

A

relationship between alpha and beta monosaccharides

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10
Q

Hemiacetal group

A

formed when the ring structure is created

have the ability to linearize and be a reducing agent

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11
Q

Acetal

A

formed when another sugar is added to make a glycosidic bond

does not have the ability to linearize and be a reducing agent

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12
Q

Hemiacetal chemical structure

A

Carbon connected to an -OR, -OH, H, and -R group

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13
Q

What type of chemicals are linear monosaccharides?

A

reducing agents

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14
Q

Oxidation of monosaccharides

A

have to be linear

a metal like copper is reduced and monosaccharide is oxidized (loses electrons)

we add oxygen to the sugar to oxidize it

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15
Q

How do you form a glycosidic bond?

A

condensation

remove water

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16
Q

How do you break a glycosidic bond?

A

hydrolysis

add water

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17
Q

Energy levels of two monosaccharides versus disaccharide

A

Disaccharide is higher in free energy because there was a decrease in entropy

Disaccharide is unfavored

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18
Q

How does the creation of a glycosidic bond occur?

A

need to use energy coupling with ATP to make occur

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19
Q

Is ring forming spontaneous?

A

yes

for sugars with more than 5 carbons

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20
Q

What type of reaction is the creation of a glycosidic bond?

A

endergonic

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21
Q

Homopolysaccharide

A

has the same type of sugar repeated

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22
Q

Heteropolysaccharide

A

uses different types of sugars

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23
Q

Why is it advantageous for animals to have highly branched polysaccharides?

A

this branched structures can condense which is good for animals that move

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24
Q

Example of branched polysaccharides found in animals

A

glycogen

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25
Q

Where are the links in glycogen?

A

1-6 links allow for branching

1-4 links allow for linear polymerize

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26
Q

What is cellulose held together by?

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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27
Q

Why is the beta form significant in cellulose?

A

animals cannot break down these bonds and use cellulose as an energy source

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28
Q

How do animals use cellulose?

A

bacteria and fungi in the gut breakdown cellulose

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29
Q

Example of cellulose that animals cannot break down

A

fiber

30
Q

Two forms of cellulose

A

alpha glycosidic linkage: helical strand

beta glycosidic linkage: linear strand

31
Q

Beta form of cellulose

A

allows for hydrogen bonding between the strands and tight packing

32
Q

Peptidoglycan structure

A

have peptide chains crosslinking carbohydrate chains

accomplished by transpeptidase

33
Q

Blood types and sugar

A

specific chains of sugars are attached to ceramide

chain of sugars determines blood type

34
Q

Ceramide

A

a type of sphingosine

35
Q

Do you have antigens for A if you are type A blood?

A

No!

We lose the antigens that would bind and recognize our blood type

36
Q

What clumps to type A blood?

A

Anti-A antibodies

37
Q

What clumps to type B blood?

A

Anti-B antibodies

38
Q

What clumps to type O blood?

A

neither since both antigens are present

39
Q

What clumps to type AB blood?

A

both since neither antigen is present

40
Q

What converts alpa to beta sugars?

A

mutarotation

41
Q

Is sucrose a reducing sugar?

A

no

42
Q

Is glucose a carboxlyic acid?

A

no

43
Q

What is D-gluconate a product of?

A

oxidation-reduction reaction between D-glucose

44
Q

Are starch and glycogen found in cell walls?

A

no

45
Q

What are polymers of alpha-D-glucose?

A

starch and glycogen

46
Q

Where is the carbonyl group in a ketose?

A

anywhere

47
Q

Where is the carbonyl group in an aldose?

A

at the end of the carbon chain

48
Q

How many carbons does ribose ring have?

A

5

it is a pentose

49
Q

Is fructose an aldose?

A

no

50
Q

What is the reference compound for naming D and L isomers?

A

glyceraldehyde

51
Q

The basic structure of a proteoglycan consists of a core protein and a:

A

glycosaminoglycan

52
Q

is the secondary structure of heparan sulfate completely random?

A

no

53
Q

lipopolysaccharides

A

a dominant feature of the outer cell wall of bacterial cells in gram negative bacteria

54
Q

The biochemical property of lectins that is the basis for most of their biological effects is their ability to bind to:

A

specific oligosaccharides

55
Q

What are sialic acid residues removed by?

A

neuraminidases

56
Q

It is useful to analyze hemoglobin glycation to determine a(n):

A

average blood glucose level over days or weeks.

57
Q

In beta groups where does the hydroxyl point?

A

upwards

58
Q

In alpha groups where does the hydroxyl point?

A

downwards

59
Q

What type of polysaccharide is cellulose?

A

homopolysaccharide

60
Q

Chitin is most chemically similar to

A

cellulose

61
Q

alpha-amylase

A

breaks down glycogen and starch

62
Q

hyaluronan

A

glycosaminoglycan found in joints

63
Q

Globoside

A

can be used to determine human blood type

64
Q

What is maltose?

A

a disaccharide composed of 2 glucoses linked 1-4

maltose is a reducing sugar

65
Q

What is sucrose?

A

a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose

found in plants

sucrose is nonreducing

good for energy storage since resists oxidation

66
Q

What is lactose?

A

a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose

lactose is a reducing sugar

67
Q

Glycans

A

another name for polysaccharides

68
Q

What are the two energy storage polysaccharides?

A

glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)

69
Q

What are the two structural polysaccharides?

A

cellulose (cell walls) and chitin (exoskeletons of anthropods)

70
Q

Is cellulose linear or branched?

A

linear

71
Q

Which amino acids attach carbs to glycoproteins?

A

asparginine, serine, and threonine

72
Q

How is a hemiacetal formed?

A

when a ketose or aldose condenses with an alcohol

Biochem (20 decks)

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