Mini Lecture on Carbohydrates

Question 1

What are carbohydrates used for?

Answer 1

energy
structure
cell identifcation

Question 2

Two major forms of monosaccharides

Answer 2

aldehydes and ketones

Question 3

What conformation are sugars generally in?

Answer 3

D-conformation

Question 4

Epimers

Answer 4

carbohydrates have the same chemical formula but are different from each other because of the arrangment of functional groups

Question 5

Examples of epimers

Answer 5

D-glucose versus D-galactose versus D-Mannose

Question 6

How is ring structure formed?

Answer 6

an oxygen from an -OH group interacts with a carbonyl group

Question 7

Alpha rings

Answer 7

the hydroxyl group in down from the carbonyl group

Question 8

Beta rings

Answer 8

the hydroxyl group is up from the carbonyl group

Question 9

Anomeric relationship

Answer 9

relationship between alpha and beta monosaccharides

Question 10

Hemiacetal group

Answer 10

formed when the ring structure is created

have the ability to linearize and be a reducing agent

Question 11

Acetal

Answer 11

formed when another sugar is added to make a glycosidic bond

does not have the ability to linearize and be a reducing agent

Question 12

Hemiacetal chemical structure

Answer 12

Carbon connected to an -OR, -OH, H, and -R group

Question 13

What type of chemicals are linear monosaccharides?

Answer 13

reducing agents

Question 14

Oxidation of monosaccharides

Answer 14

have to be linear

a metal like copper is reduced and monosaccharide is oxidized (loses electrons)

we add oxygen to the sugar to oxidize it

Question 15

How do you form a glycosidic bond?

Answer 15

condensation

remove water

Question 16

How do you break a glycosidic bond?

Answer 16

hydrolysis

add water

Question 17

Energy levels of two monosaccharides versus disaccharide

Answer 17

Disaccharide is higher in free energy because there was a decrease in entropy

Disaccharide is unfavored

Question 18

How does the creation of a glycosidic bond occur?

Answer 18

need to use energy coupling with ATP to make occur

Question 19

Is ring forming spontaneous?

Answer 19

yes

for sugars with more than 5 carbons

Question 20

What type of reaction is the creation of a glycosidic bond?

Answer 20

endergonic

Question 21

Homopolysaccharide

Answer 21

has the same type of sugar repeated

Question 22

Heteropolysaccharide

Answer 22

uses different types of sugars

Question 23

Why is it advantageous for animals to have highly branched polysaccharides?

Answer 23

this branched structures can condense which is good for animals that move

Question 24

Example of branched polysaccharides found in animals

Answer 24

glycogen

Question 25

Where are the links in glycogen?

Answer 25

1-6 links allow for branching 1-4 links allow for linear polymerize

Question 26

What is cellulose held together by?

Answer 26

beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 27

Why is the beta form significant in cellulose?

Answer 27

animals cannot break down these bonds and use cellulose as an energy source

Question 28

How do animals use cellulose?

Answer 28

bacteria and fungi in the gut breakdown cellulose

Question 29

Example of cellulose that animals cannot break down

Answer 29

fiber

Question 30

Two forms of cellulose

Answer 30

alpha glycosidic linkage: helical strand beta glycosidic linkage: linear strand

Question 31

Beta form of cellulose

Answer 31

allows for hydrogen bonding between the strands and tight packing

Question 32

Peptidoglycan structure

Answer 32

have peptide chains crosslinking carbohydrate chains accomplished by transpeptidase

Question 33

Blood types and sugar

Answer 33

specific chains of sugars are attached to ceramide chain of sugars determines blood type

Question 34

Ceramide

Answer 34

a type of sphingosine

Question 35

Do you have antigens for A if you are type A blood?

Answer 35

No! We lose the antigens that would bind and recognize our blood type

Question 36

What clumps to type A blood?

Answer 36

Anti-A antibodies

Question 37

What clumps to type B blood?

Answer 37

Anti-B antibodies

Question 38

What clumps to type O blood?

Answer 38

neither since both antigens are present

Question 39

What clumps to type AB blood?

Answer 39

both since neither antigen is present

Question 40

What converts alpa to beta sugars?

Answer 40

mutarotation

Question 41

Is sucrose a reducing sugar?

Answer 41

no

Question 42

Is glucose a carboxlyic acid?

Answer 42

no

Question 43

What is D-gluconate a product of?

Answer 43

oxidation-reduction reaction between D-glucose

Question 44

Are starch and glycogen found in cell walls?

Answer 44

no

Question 45

What are polymers of alpha-D-glucose?

Answer 45

starch and glycogen

Question 46

Where is the carbonyl group in a ketose?

Answer 46

anywhere

Question 47

Where is the carbonyl group in an aldose?

Answer 47

at the end of the carbon chain

Question 48

How many carbons does ribose ring have?

Answer 48

5 it is a pentose

Question 49

Is fructose an aldose?

Answer 49

no

Question 50

What is the reference compound for naming D and L isomers?

Answer 50

glyceraldehyde

Question 51

The basic structure of a proteoglycan consists of a core protein and a:

Answer 51

glycosaminoglycan

Question 52

is the secondary structure of heparan sulfate completely random?

Answer 52

no

Question 53

lipopolysaccharides

Answer 53

a dominant feature of the outer cell wall of bacterial cells in gram negative bacteria

Question 54

The biochemical property of lectins that is the basis for most of their biological effects is their ability to bind to:

Answer 54

specific oligosaccharides

Question 55

What are sialic acid residues removed by?

Answer 55

neuraminidases

Question 56

It is useful to analyze hemoglobin glycation to determine a(n):

Answer 56

average blood glucose level over days or weeks.

Question 57

In beta groups where does the hydroxyl point?

Answer 57

upwards

Question 58

In alpha groups where does the hydroxyl point?

Answer 58

downwards

Question 59

What type of polysaccharide is cellulose?

Answer 59

homopolysaccharide

Question 60

Chitin is most chemically similar to

Answer 60

cellulose

Question 61

alpha-amylase

Answer 61

breaks down glycogen and starch

Question 62

hyaluronan

Answer 62

glycosaminoglycan found in joints

Question 63

Globoside

Answer 63

can be used to determine human blood type

Question 64

What is maltose?

Answer 64

a disaccharide composed of 2 glucoses linked 1-4 maltose is a reducing sugar

Question 65

What is sucrose?

Answer 65

a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose found in plants sucrose is nonreducing good for energy storage since resists oxidation

Question 66

What is lactose?

Answer 66

a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose lactose is a reducing sugar

Question 67

Glycans

Answer 67

another name for polysaccharides

Question 68

What are the two energy storage polysaccharides?

Answer 68

glycogen (animals) and starch (plants)

Question 69

What are the two structural polysaccharides?

Answer 69

cellulose (cell walls) and chitin (exoskeletons of anthropods)

Question 70

Is cellulose linear or branched?

Answer 70

linear

Question 71

Which amino acids attach carbs to glycoproteins?

Answer 71

asparginine, serine, and threonine

Question 72

How is a hemiacetal formed?

Answer 72

when a ketose or aldose condenses with an alcohol