Quiz 1 and 3

Question 1

A randomized controlled trial was done by randomly assigning each participant to a new medication (Drug X) or an older medication (Drug Z). At the end of study the participant’s response to the drug’s effect were compared. What is the main purpose of randomizing the allocation of participants into either treatment group?

Answer 1

Minimization of bias on the part of the researchers

Question 2

A group of researchers conducted interviews of participants during a study comparing the relationship between vaping and lung cancer; however, the researchers were not blinded to group assignment. What type of bias is this study subject to?

Answer 2

Selection Bias

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a descriptive study?

Answer 3

Case Report

Question 4

Which type of analytical study designs is characterized by the simultaneous evaluation of an exposure and outcome?

Answer 4

Cross-sectional Study

Question 5

What observational study design is best for the evaluation of a rare outcome?

Answer 5

Case-Control Study

Question 6

What observational study design provides the best causal estimate of the relationship between an exposure and outcome?

Answer 6

Prospective Cohort

Question 7

Which of the following observational study designs allows an investigator to explore prevalence in a population?

Answer 7

Cross-sectional Study

Question 8

In which of the following study designs are controls selected at the same time cases are identified within the framework of a cohort study?

Answer 8

Nested Case-Control Study

Question 9

In which of the following study designs can relative-risk be calculated?

Answer 9

Prospective Cohort Study

Question 10

In which of the following study designs are participant’s disease or outcome free at the beginning of the study period?

Answer 10

Prospective Cohort Study

Question 11

What type of error is made when we fail to reject the null hypothesis when the null hypothesis is false?

Answer 11

Type II error (β error)

Question 12

Which characteristic of a diagnostic test is most helpful in ruling-in a disease if the result of the test is positive?

Answer 12

Specificity

Question 13

Which of the following test characteristics defines a tests ability to correctly identify the presence of disease?

Answer 13

Sensitivity

Question 14

Which of the following is the most valuable in determining the statistical significance of an effect estimate?

Answer 14

Confidence Interval

Question 15

In which of the following study designs can incidence be calculated?

Answer 15

Cohort Study

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?

Answer 16

Gender

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?

Answer 17

Systolic BP

Question 18

The term that describes the percentage of patients who test positive and have the disease is:

Answer 18

Positive Predictive Value

Question 19

Sequential (two-stage) testing results in which of the following:

Answer 19

Loss in net sensitivity and net gain in specificity

Question 20

Simultaneous testing results in which of the following:

Answer 20

Net gain in sensitivity and net loss in specificity