Quiz 1 Flashcards
Some quiz 1 learning objectives + Cassidy's practice Qs
Lesions of thalami, or large lesions in the hemispheres above the brainstem can impair consciousness indirectly due to what?
Mass effect (putting pressure on brainstem)
What is the area between the midbrain and the pons called?
Isthmus
Rupture of a berry aneurysm would most likely cause what kind of injury?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
A subdural hematoma is typically caused by a rupture of what?
Bridging veins
A posterior communicating aneurysm can cause what?
CN III palsy
85% of Berry aneurysms occur in the __________ circulation
anterior
True or false? All information passed between cerebral hemispheres and the spinal cords pass through the brainstem.
True
Some of the nuclei in what part of the brain contain neurotransmitters?
Brainstem
The back of the brain (where the cerebellum sits) is directionally called what (compared to the rest of the brain)?
Caudal
What is the name of the fold between the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
What is the common excitatory NT in the CNS?
Glutamate
What is the significance of GABA?
Most common inhibitory NT in the CNS
True or false: histamine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin are all NTs
True
True or false: gray matter has local synaptic communications between neurons, white matter is over long distances
True
The cerebral cortex is made up of _________ matter and wraps around the cerebral hemispheres
Gray
Why does the spinal cord end at L-1, L-2?
Bony canal (vertebra) lengthen faster than spinal cord during development.
What condition can be caused by disk herniation, tumors, trauma, epidural abscess below the L1, L2 area?
Cauda equina syndrome
What separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe?
The Sylvian (or lateral) fissure (a deep sulcus)
What divides the motor and sensory cortex?
Central sulcus
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
Postcentral gyrus
The bumps or ridges in between the sulci are called _________
gyri
What lies in precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe?
Primary motor cortex
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
Transverse gyri of Heschl
(this is 2 fingerlike gyri inside the Sylvian fissure)
The right visual cortex innervates which visual field?
Left half of each eye
Lesions above the pyramidal decussation would mostly cause weakness where?
Contralaterally
The ______________________ cortex is less lateralized and input from opposite side is slightly stronger, but not clinically detectable
primary auditory
_______________________ is the most important motor pathway
Corticospinal tract/ “pyramidal tract”
Pyramidal decussation occurs at junction of __________ and spinal cord
medulla
The 2 main spinal cord sensory pathways are called what?
1) Posterior column pathway
2) Anterolateral pathway
What project from the cortex down to the spinal cord or brainstem?
Upper motor neurons
Ataxia, the loss of balance and coordination, can be caused by lesions where?
Cerebellum
What is the somatosensory pathway that conveys proprioception, vibration sense, and fine touch?
Posterior column pathway
True or false: your ability to sense things would be completely eliminated if the posterior column pathway was severed. Explain your answer.
False; anterior column pathway would still be working
Which somatosensory pathway detects when you have really hot coffee spilled on you? Explain why.
Anterolateral pathway; it conveys pain, temperature, and crude touch
Which is the only sensory pathway to not go through the thalamus relay center? Why?
Olfaction; goes directly to olfactory cortex
What pathway crosses over immediately?
Anterolateral
What is located in the center of the brain and receives information about light and dark and secrets melatonin as needed?
Pineal gland
True or false? Wernicke’s area is located in the dominant hemisphere area of the brain (usually left) and processes higher order information.
True
What controls autonomic functions and the limbic system, among many other things?
Hypothalamus
What causes receptive aphasia?
Damage to Wernicke’s area
What type of aphasia can damage to Broca’s area cause?
Expressive or motor aphasia
What may cause a patient to ignore objects, or even their own body parts, to one side? What is this phenomenon called?
Right parietal lesions; hemineglect
Lesions to what area may cause a patient to experience problems with personality (like lack of judgement, inappropriate joking, inhibition) and cognition?
Frontal lobe
What may cause inability to recognize faces, colors, or persistence or reappearance of an earlier viewed object?
Lesions in the visual cortex (of parieto-occipital lobe)
Seizures in what part of the brain may cause visual hallucinations?
Visual cortex (of parieto-occipital lobe)
What arteries directly supply the brain?
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries
What forms the basilar artery?
The vertebral arteries joining
What supplies the posterior of the brain?
Basilar artery
What supplies the anterior of the brain?
Internal carotid arteries
The _________________ vein returns the brain’s blood
internal jugular
Where does the middle meningeal artery run?
Epidural space
List the flow of CSF in order (7 steps)
1) Lateral ventricles
2) Foramen of Monro
3) Third ventricle
4) Sylvian aqueduct
5) Fourth ventricle
6) Foramen of Luschka and Magendie
7) Subarachnoid space
[Arachnoid granulations then absorb]
Bridging veins are found where?
Subdural space
What ventricle is in the diencephalon?
3rd ventricle
What ventricle is surrounded by the pons, medulla and cerebellum?
Fourth
Normal volume of CSF in an adult is _____cc, the choroid plexi produce about _______ cc/d
150cc; 500 cc/d
What houses the cauda equina?
Lumbar cistern
What tract controls voluntary movement of distal muscles (hands and limbs) and is involved in fine motor skills?
The lateral motor system, aka lateral corticospinal tract
If there’s a lesion in the lateral corticospinal tract of the brain, what would happen?
Contralateral hemiparesis, particularly affecting fine motor control
What two tracts originate in the primary motor cortex?
Lateral corticospinal tract and anterior corticospinal tract
What are the two divisions of the motor system’s tract?
Lateral (lateral corticospinal tract) and medial (anterior corticospinal tract)
Damage of what part of the motor system leads to issues of the trunk like gait disturbances, difficulty maintaining upright posture, or gross motor movement difficulties in Parkinson’s?
Medial motor system
What tract controls bending, twisting, and movements of the trunk?
Anterior corticospinal tract
What 3 things control the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Hypothalamus, brainstem, and amygdala
What can dysfunctions in the ANS lead to?
Autonomic neuropathies (nerve disorders) in the axon, myelin sheath, or both.