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(PA school) Neuroanatomy > Highlights Chapters 17-18 > Flashcards

Highlights Chapters 17-18 Flashcards

1
Q

What gland is the “master gland”?

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

The hypothalamus is _______________ to the optic chiasm

A

posterior

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3
Q

What is the master clock of circadian rhythms?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (of hypothalamus)

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4
Q

What systems do the hypothalamus and pituitary link?

A

Neural and endocrine systems

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5
Q

List the 4 systems the hypothalamus controls to maintain homeostasis

A

1) Homeostatic mechanisms
2) Endocrine control
3) Autonomic control
4) Limbic mechanisms

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6
Q

The limbic-hypothalamic interconnections play an important role in what?

A

Emotional influences on autonomic pathways

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7
Q

What is the regulator of circadian rhythms?

A

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

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8
Q

True or false: the hypothalamus controls or partially controls both hunger and thirst

A

True

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9
Q

Lesions in the part of the hypothalamus that controls appetite can cause what?

A

Weight loss/obesity

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10
Q

Lesions in the part of the hypothalamus that controls thirst can do what?

A

Decrease water intake

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11
Q

Oxytocin, a hormone released by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, can do what?

A

Increase nurturing behaviors.

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12
Q

What organ is involved in hyperthermia? Why?

A

Hypothalamus; detects increased body temperature and can dissipate heat

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13
Q

What does the posterior hypothalamus do?

A

Conserves heat

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14
Q

1) What system of the brain goes from the forebrain to the brainstem?
2) Where are most parts of this system?

A

1) The limbic system
2) Most are hidden in the medial hemispheres

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15
Q

The limbic cortex forms what? What two things does it surround?

A

A ring–like limbic lobe surrounding the corpus collosum and upper brainstem

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16
Q

What are the 4 main categories of limbic system functions?

A

1) Homeostatic functions including autonomic and neuroendocrine control
2) Olfaction
3) Memory
4) Emotions and drives
HOME

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17
Q

What part of the brain is important in memory functions?

A

Hippocampus

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18
Q

1) Where is the amygdala?
2) What does it function in?

A

1) Tip of the hippocampus.
2) Emotional, autonomic, and neuroendocrine circuits of the limbic system

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19
Q

Smell contributes to the detection of what two things?

A

Odors and taste

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20
Q

Some fibers of the olfactory tract go somewhere other than the olfactory cortex; where do they go?

A

Amygdala

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21
Q

What are the two jobs of the hippocampus?

A

1) Memory
2) Creates context [for past/future events]

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22
Q

What are the two critical areas for memory formation?

A

1) Medial temporal lobe memory area
2) Forebrain

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23
Q

1) What does the medial temporal lobe memory area contain?
2) What does the forebrain contain that’s related to memory?

A

1) Hippocampus
2) Thalamus and hypothalamus’s nuclei

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24
Q

Today, patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy can be cured with what?

A

Unilateral medial temporal lobe resection.

25
Q

1) Define declarative memory
2) Define nondeclarative memory

A

1) Explicit memory; involves conscious recall of facts or experiences.
2) Implicit memory; learning of habits, skills or other acquired behaviors.

26
Q

What two things come from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

27
Q

Where does ACTH come from?

A

Anterior pituitary

28
Q

Where is the hypothalamus? What does it make up?

A

Under the thalamus; third ventricle ‘s inferior portion

29
Q

What contains axons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus?

A

Posterior pituitary

30
Q

The hypothalamus is the central regulator of what?

A

Homeostasis

31
Q
A
32
Q

1) What can the hypothalamus detect?
2) What does it activate?
3) What can lesions cause because of this?
4) What does the posterior hypothalamus do?

A

1) Increased body temperature and
2) Mechanisms to dissipate heat,
3) Hyperthermia
4) Conserves heat.

33
Q

What is memory loss like in concussion?

A

Usually reversible memory loss, except for a few hours around the injury

34
Q

Can infarcts/ischemia cause memory loss? When?

A

They can, especially when bilateral medial temporal lobes are affected.

35
Q

1) What cause of memory loss could be due to a cardiac arrest?
2) Is memory loss permanent? What structure is involved?

A

1) Global cerebral anoxia
2) Memory loss is usually permanent; the hippocampus is very vulnerable to anoxic injury

36
Q

Seizures can cause what?

A

Memory loss

37
Q

1) Where is the amygdala?
2) What two things does it play a big role in?

A

1) Tip of the hippocampus
2) Emotions and drives.

38
Q

What structure is important in attaching emotions to stimuli?

A

Amygdala

39
Q

1) What 3 structures being abnormal can cause schizophrenia?
2) What NT is can also cause it, and what can improve symptoms?

A

1) Limbic system, frontal lobes, and thalamus.
2) An abnormality in dopamine, therefore symptoms can improve with antidopaminergic agents

40
Q

What two things cause anxiety?

A

1) Excessive activity in the amygdala
2) Failure of control by the frontal cortex

41
Q

What 3 NTs can be markedly imbalanced in bipolar depression/ mania?

A

Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine

42
Q

List 4 causes of memory loss

A

1) Concussion
2) Infarcts/ischemia
3) Global cerebral anoxia
4) Seizures

43
Q

Which two areas does the hypothalamus receive inputs from?

A

Amygdala and regions of the limbic cortex

44
Q

What receives inputs from retinal ganglion cells about whether it is day or night?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

45
Q

What two structures does the limbic system surround?

A

Corpus callosum and upper brainstem

46
Q

What regulates emotions, affection, memory, drives, and homeostasis?

A

Limbic system

47
Q

What C-shaped structure is buried in the medial temporal lobe and is important in memory functions?

A

Hippocampus

48
Q

What functions in emotional, autonomic, and neuroendocrine circuits of the limbic system?

A

Amygdala

49
Q

The medial temporal lobe memory area contains the ________, while the forebrain which contains nuclei of _________ and __________ that are critical for memory formation.

A

hippocampus; thalamus and hypothalamus

50
Q

What can cause memory loss especially when bilateral medial temporal lobes are affected?

A

Infarct/ischemia

51
Q

What area of the brain plays a big role in emotions and drives, is an active participant in all four limbic functions, and attaches emotions to stimuli?

A

Amygdala

52
Q

What clinical disease is caused by abnormalities in the limbic system, frontal lobe, and thalamus?

A

Schizophrenia

53
Q

What clinical disease is marked by an excessive rate of activity in the amygdala and the failure of control by the frontal cortex?

A

Anxiety

54
Q

What hormone causes increased production of corticosteroids?

A

ACTH

55
Q

What hormones increase production of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone?

A

FSH and LH

56
Q

What hormone functions in milk letdown?

A

Oxytocin

57
Q

What hormone functions in milk production?

A

PRL

58
Q

What is ADH also called?

A

Vasopressin

(PA school) Neuroanatomy (22 decks)

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