Chapter 19 Flashcards
1) The left hemisphere is dominant for language in ________ of right handers and ___________ in left handers
2) What are the 2 language centers?
1) >95% ;>60-70%
2) Wernicke’s and Broca’s; these 2 areas communicate with each other frequently.
What 3 things does Broca’s area communicate with the prefrontal cortex about?
1) Correct grammar
2) Sentence structure
3) Formulation and planning of speech
Connections through the corpus callosum allow what to participate in the language processing network?
What else is it important in?
1) Non-dominant hemisphere
2) Emotion and tone of our speech.
1) What two things is the dominant hemisphere specialized for?
2) What is the non-dominant hemisphere more important for?
1) Language and step-by-step formation and execution of motor tasks.
2) Attention (vigilance, concentration and behavioral arousal and the consciousness system (alertness, attention and awareness)
What are the 3 groups of functions of the frontal lobes?
Restraint, initiative, and order
List aspects of restraint
Judgement, foresight, perseverance, inhibiting socially inappropriate responses, and self-governance
List 3 aspects of initiative
Curiosity, creativity, and personality
List 2 aspects of order
Working memory and organization
True or false: frontal lobe disorders can not necessarily be tested for however they cause abnormal behaviors
True
List some abnormal behaviors associated with frontal lobe disorders
-Apathetic indifference vs. Explosive emotional lability
-Perseveration vs. Impersistence
-Mutism vs. Confabulation
-Depression vs. Mania
-Hyposexuality vs. Hypersexuality
Attention and alertness are mediated by what?
Brainstem + frontoparietal networks interacting
What 6 things does attention depend on?
1) Thalamic nuclei
2) Widespread projecting neuromodulator systems in the
3) Upper brainstem
4) Hypothalamus
5) Forebrain
6) The medial and frontoparietal association cortex.
The right hemisphere is more important for ______________ mechanisms
attentional
Lesions of the right hemisphere lead to what? On what side?
Prominent and long-lasting deficits in attention to the contralateral side
What do left hemisphere lesions cause?
Contralateral neglect is mild or undetectable
What hemisphere lesion would cause severe hemineglect? Of what hemisphere?
Right hemisphere; would affect left hemisphere
What hemisphere lesion would NOT cause severe hemineglect?
Left hemisphere (right side neglect is minimal)
1) What causes hemineglect syndrome?
2) What is hemineglect syndrome?
1) Infarct or other acute lesion of the right parietal lobe
2) Patients exhibit profound neglect for the contralateral half of their external world and their own bodies
1) Define amnesia
2) What typically causes it?
3) What lesions do not usually produce severe amnesia?
1) Memory loss
2) Bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions
3) Unilateral lesions
1) Define transient global amnesia
2) What are patients with this condition usually like? How long does it usually last?
1) Patients develop retrograde and anterograde amnesia with no obvious cause or associated deficits
2) Patients typically ask the same questions over and over with no recollection of just having asked the same question a few minutes earlier
Usually lasts 4-12 hours
1) What is recovery from transient amnesia like?
2) What percent of ppl never have another episode?
3) What is the etiology?
-Patients typically have a full recovery except for a few hours before and after the episode.
-85% of patients never have a recurrent episode.
-Etiology unknown
many patients have a history of migraines.
1) In early Alzheimer’s Disease what memory loss is prominent?
2) What does this disease preferentially affect?
1) For recent events
2) The hippocampal, temporal and forebrain structures.
Define infantile amnesia and what may cause it
The inability of adults to recall years 0 -3 of their lives (thought to be because the CNS is still maturing)
What is age related memory change?
Gradual decline in memory function over decades
1) Define anterograde amnesia
2) Give an example
1) Deficit of forming new memories, from the time of brain injury going forward.
2) HM could recall his childhood address but could never learn his current address or the date.
1) Define retrograde amnesia
2) What memories depend on normal functioning of the medial temporal lobes? Which do not?
1) Loss of memories from a period of time prior to the brain injury
2) Recent memories for a period of up to several years depend on normal functioning of the medial temporal lobes, while remote memories do not
1) What happens in patients with reversible causes of amnesia?
2) What will these patients ultimately have?
1) The period of retrograde amnesia shrinks forward: older memories are recovered before recent memories.
2) A short period of permanent memory loss. Usually starting several hours prior to the injury and lasting until the time they recover.
When one is reading, visual information first reaches where? Where is info processed? Where does it travel?
1) Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes
2) Processed in the visual association cortex
3) Travels anteriorly to reach the language areas.
1) What does the Inferior Occipitotemporal Cortex do?
2) Give an example
3) What can seizures in this area cause?
1) Processes the “what” stream of vision analysis
2) Ex: colors, forms (faces,) objects and strings of letters (-ough)
3) Seizures in this area can cause visual hallucinations
1) What does the Dorsolateral Parieto Occipital cortex do?
2) Give examples
1) Processes the “where” stream of vision analysis
2) Ex: motion, spatial orientation, and integration
