Chapter 19

Question 1

1) The left hemisphere is dominant for language in ________ of right handers and ___________ in left handers
2) What are the 2 language centers?

Answer 1

1) >95% ;>60-70%
2) Wernicke’s and Broca’s; these 2 areas communicate with each other frequently.

Question 2

What 3 things does Broca’s area communicate with the prefrontal cortex about?

Answer 2

1) Correct grammar
2) Sentence structure
3) Formulation and planning of speech

Question 3

Connections through the corpus callosum allow what to participate in the language processing network?
What else is it important in?

Answer 3

1) Non-dominant hemisphere
2) Emotion and tone of our speech.

Question 4

1) What two things is the dominant hemisphere specialized for?
2) What is the non-dominant hemisphere more important for?

Answer 4

1) Language and step-by-step formation and execution of motor tasks.
2) Attention (vigilance, concentration and behavioral arousal and the consciousness system (alertness, attention and awareness)

Question 5

What are the 3 groups of functions of the frontal lobes?

Answer 5

Restraint, initiative, and order

Question 6

List aspects of restraint

Answer 6

Judgement, foresight, perseverance, inhibiting socially inappropriate responses, and self-governance

Question 7

List 3 aspects of initiative

Answer 7

Curiosity, creativity, and personality

Question 8

List 2 aspects of order

Answer 8

Working memory and organization

Question 9

True or false: frontal lobe disorders can not necessarily be tested for however they cause abnormal behaviors

Answer 9

True

Question 10

List some abnormal behaviors associated with frontal lobe disorders

Answer 10

-Apathetic indifference vs. Explosive emotional lability
-Perseveration vs. Impersistence
-Mutism vs. Confabulation
-Depression vs. Mania
-Hyposexuality vs. Hypersexuality

Question 11

Attention and alertness are mediated by what?

Answer 11

Brainstem + frontoparietal networks interacting

Question 12

What 6 things does attention depend on?

Answer 12

1) Thalamic nuclei
2) Widespread projecting neuromodulator systems in the
3) Upper brainstem
4) Hypothalamus
5) Forebrain
6) The medial and frontoparietal association cortex.

Question 13

The right hemisphere is more important for ______________ mechanisms

Answer 13

attentional

Question 14

Lesions of the right hemisphere lead to what? On what side?

Answer 14

Prominent and long-lasting deficits in attention to the contralateral side

Question 15

What do left hemisphere lesions cause?

Answer 15

Contralateral neglect is mild or undetectable

Question 16

What hemisphere lesion would cause severe hemineglect? Of what hemisphere?

Answer 16

Right hemisphere; would affect left hemisphere

Question 17

What hemisphere lesion would NOT cause severe hemineglect?

Answer 17

Left hemisphere (right side neglect is minimal)

Question 18

1) What causes hemineglect syndrome?
2) What is hemineglect syndrome?

Answer 18

1) Infarct or other acute lesion of the right parietal lobe
2) Patients exhibit profound neglect for the contralateral half of their external world and their own bodies

Question 19

1) Define amnesia
2) What typically causes it?
3) What lesions do not usually produce severe amnesia?

Answer 19

1) Memory loss
2) Bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions
3) Unilateral lesions

Question 20

1) Define transient global amnesia
2) What are patients with this condition usually like? How long does it usually last?

Answer 20

1) Patients develop retrograde and anterograde amnesia with no obvious cause or associated deficits
2) Patients typically ask the same questions over and over with no recollection of just having asked the same question a few minutes earlier
Usually lasts 4-12 hours

Question 21

1) What is recovery from transient amnesia like?
2) What percent of ppl never have another episode?
3) What is the etiology?

Answer 21

-Patients typically have a full recovery except for a few hours before and after the episode.
-85% of patients never have a recurrent episode.
-Etiology unknown
many patients have a history of migraines.

Question 22

1) In early Alzheimer’s Disease what memory loss is prominent?
2) What does this disease preferentially affect?

Answer 22

1) For recent events
2) The hippocampal, temporal and forebrain structures.

Question 23

Define infantile amnesia and what may cause it

Answer 23

The inability of adults to recall years 0 -3 of their lives (thought to be because the CNS is still maturing)

Question 24

What is age related memory change?

Answer 24

Gradual decline in memory function over decades

Question 25

1) Define anterograde amnesia
2) Give an example

Answer 25

1) Deficit of forming new memories, from the time of brain injury going forward.
2) HM could recall his childhood address but could never learn his current address or the date.

Question 26

1) Define retrograde amnesia
2) What memories depend on normal functioning of the medial temporal lobes? Which do not?

Answer 26

1) Loss of memories from a period of time prior to the brain injury
2) Recent memories for a period of up to several years depend on normal functioning of the medial temporal lobes, while remote memories do not

Question 27

1) What happens in patients with reversible causes of amnesia?
2) What will these patients ultimately have?

Answer 27

1) The period of retrograde amnesia shrinks forward: older memories are recovered before recent memories.
2) A short period of permanent memory loss. Usually starting several hours prior to the injury and lasting until the time they recover.

Question 28

When one is reading, visual information first reaches where? Where is info processed? Where does it travel?

Answer 28

1) Primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes
2) Processed in the visual association cortex
3) Travels anteriorly to reach the language areas.

Question 29

1) What does the Inferior Occipitotemporal Cortex do?
2) Give an example
3) What can seizures in this area cause?

Answer 29

1) Processes the “what” stream of vision analysis
2) Ex: colors, forms (faces,) objects and strings of letters (-ough)
3) Seizures in this area can cause visual hallucinations

Question 30

1) What does the Dorsolateral Parieto Occipital cortex do?
2) Give examples

Answer 30

1) Processes the “where” stream of vision analysis
2) Ex: motion, spatial orientation, and integration