quiz 1 Flashcards
1
Q
osteology
A
study of bones
2
Q
why study skeletons?
A
fossil record
shows evolutionary history
shows human adaptations over time
identifying individuals
mechanisms of disease and health
3
Q
stimuli bone grows and responds to
A
biomechanical (normal usage)
nutritional (vitamin deficiency)
degenerational (aging)
disease
trauma
4
Q
how often do your bones complete;y regenerate
A
every 8 years
5
Q
Wolff’s Law**
A
how bone responds to mechanical environment
bone remodels to better resist external forces
6
Q
what causes variation in bones?
A
differential growth
sexual dimorphism
geographic/pop. based = adaptations to diff. environments
individual
7
Q
tubular bones
A
long (arms, legs, clavicle) and short bones (hands, feet)
8
Q
flat bones*
A
cover and protect vital organs and muscle attachment sites
bones of skull, ilium (pelvic blade), sternum, ribs, scapula
9
Q
irregular bone examples*
A
tarsal, carpal, vertebrae, hyoid (in neck), ear ossicles, pubis and ischium (pelvis)
10
Q
tarsal
A
ankle
11
Q
carpal
A
wrist
12
Q
sesamoid bones*
A
embedded in tendons
patella (knee cap), pisiform (in wrist)
13
Q
types of bone categories
A
long
flat
irregular
sesamoid
14
Q
homologous bones
A
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions
15
Q
functions of bone
A
mineral reserve
protection and support
attachment sites for tendons and ligaments to support movement
blood production in red marrow
fat storage in yellow marrow
16
Q
forensic anthropology
A
identification of unknown human skeletal remains, involves recovery and analysis
17
Q
bioarchaeology
A
study of biological aspects of past human populations
18
Q
of bones at birth
A
270
19
Q
of bones as adult and why
A
206 bc bones fuse during life cycle
20
Q
what is the last bone to fully fuse and at what age?
A
clavicle at 25 years
21
Q
what is the earliest bone to fully form?
A
ear ossicles are adult size at birth
22
Q
skeleton division
A
skull (+ mandible and hyoid)
postcranial skeleton == axial skeleton (ribs, sternum, vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, clavicle)
23
Q
standard anatomical position
A
standing, looking forward, feet together and forward, arms alongside trunk, palms forward, thumbs away from body
24
Q
sagittal plane of reference**
A
vertical, divides the body into right and left halves
follows sagittal suture on skull
25
bregma
intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures on back of skull
26
coronal plane of reference**
frontal, divides body into anterior and posterior halves
27
anterior
front (ante = before)
28
posterior
back (post = after)
29
paracoronal
line parallel to coronal
30
transverse plane of reference**
horizontal
passes through body at any height creating inferior and superior halves
31
Frankfort Horizontal
traverse line through resting/neutral point of skull
parallel to ground surface when walking
line passes through superior margin or external ear canal and inferior margin of eye orbit
32
superior/cranial
towards head
33
inferior/caudal
away from head
34
medial
towards midline
35
lateral
away from midline
36
proximal*
nearest axial skeleton
e.g. shoulder more proximal than fingertips
37
distal*
away from axial skeleton
e.g. fingertips more distal than shoulder
38
endocranial*
inner surface of cranial vault
e.g. skull
39
ectocranial
outer surface of cranial vault
40
palmar
palm side of hand
41
plantar
sole side of foot
42
dorsal
opposite of palmar and plantar (top of hands and feet)
43
ventral
towards belly
44
maxillary
upper teeth
45
mandibular
lower teeth
46
osteogenesis
bone growth (ossification)
47
perichondrium
thin layer that covers the cartilage (like periosteum)
48
how does calcification/ossification happen
crystals of hydroxyapatite deposited into pre-bone matrix and hardens, osteoblasts trapped in bony matrix, then become osteocytes than live in lacunae within lamellae
49
remodeling
process by which old bone is replaced by osteocytes with deposition of mature (lamellar) bone
50
osteoclasts
break down bone matrix and promote remodeling
51
lysosomes
digestive enzymes that digest collagen and dissolve hydroxyapatite, secreted by osteoclasts
52
osteoblasts
make new bone
53
appositional growth
allows shaft diameters to enlarge and shafts to elongate during development
54
how does appositional latitudinal growth happen?
1. deposition on external surface below periosteum by osteoblasts
2. resorption on internal surface below endosteum by osteoclasts
55
endosteum
lines inside of bone and contains bone marrow
56
how does appositional longitudinal growth happen?
occurs at ends of metaphysis between it and epiphysis
epiphyseal plate pushed farther from primary growth center of bone, making it longer
metaphysis and epiphysis fuse
shown by flaring of ends
57
when does ossification begin in a human?
6-7 weeks in utero
58
what is the "skeleton" of an embryo made of?
fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage
59
what is the first bone to ossify?
the clavicle
60
bregmatic fontanelle
largest fontanelle, only one to close long after birth (3-4 years)
61
fontanelles
soft spots in baby skulls
6 areas of membrane between ossification centers
allows skull bone to continue to grow
62
how does cranial growth happen?
deposition on ectocranial surface and at sutures
resorption on endocranial surface
bone gets bigger and thicker
63
why is calcium important for bone function?
too little calcium decreases bone density and makes the bones weal
64
osteopenia/osteoporosis
low bone mineral density
65
biological profile
age, sex, stature, ancestry
66
typology
classifying into groups based on types
often physical characteristic/hierarchical == racism
started w/ Linnaeus
67
biological determinism
biology dictates both physical and sociocultural traits
68
what were boas thoughts on biological determinism?
did not believe in typology or biological determinism, against biological racial typologies/biological race concept
69
issues against scientific racism and the race construct
1. no biological basis
2. traits are influenced by genetics AND environment
3. public generally wants to believe science, must be true because science said so
70
types of ancestry estimation
non-metric/morphoscopic (looking at traits and association with features of particular ancestry groups), metric (using craniometrics)
71
lingual
towards tongue
72
buccal
away from tongue
73
mesial
towards front of mouth
74
distal
towards back of mouth
75
labial
touching lips
76
mesiodistal axis
along toothrow, tooth "length"
77
buccolingual axis
perpendicular to mesiodistal, tooth "breadth"
78
occlusal
on chewing surface of teeth
79
incisal
occlusal edge of incisors
80
cervical
area between bottom of visible tooth and root
81
apical
towards root of tooth (opposite of occlusal)
82
elevations and projections*
process, ramus
83
processes for ligament or tendon attachments*
trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine
84
processes for bone articulation*
head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet
85
depression*
fossa, sulcus, groove
86
openings*
foramen, notch, canal, fissure, sinus
87
how does movement of the body occur?
muscles act directly or via tendons on bones
88
what are the less/more mobile regions of muscle
origin of muscle = less mobile attachment point (proximal)
insertion of muscle = more mobile attachment point (distal)
89
flexion*
decreases angle, body parts together
90
extension*
increases angle, body parts apart
91
dorsiflexion*
anterior part of foot away from ground
walking on heels
92
plantarflextion*
flexing anterior part of foot up
walking on tip toes
93
abduction*
body part away from sagittal plane (e.g. arms up at side, spreading fingers)
abduct = take away*
94
span 21adduction*
body part towards sagittal plane (e.g. arms down at side)
95
circumduction*
cone shaped pattern, abduction + adduction
e.g. tennis player hitting a ball
96
pronation*
turning palms from anterior to posterior
e.g. typing
97
osteogenesis/ossification
bone growth
98
first two basic questions of osteology
1. are the bones human
2. how many individuals are present
99
do bone cells divide
no
100
how does bone harden
bone matrix calcifies
101
how does bone grow
process of bone deposition/replacement on a pre-existing surface
102
macroscopic
big
103
microscopic
small
104
two basic configurations of human bone
compact (cortical) and cancellous (trabecular)
105
compact/cortical bone
very dense, on outer surfaces, concentrated on tubular (long and short) bones
106
subchondral bone
type of cortical bones, found at joints below cartilage, thinner
107
chondral
cartilage
108
cancellous (trabecular) bone
porous, less dense, honeycomb structure
formed in bony columns (trabecular) separated by large spaces
found at ends of tubular bones and in flat bones and vertebrae
109
diaphysis**
shaft of tubular bone, primary ossification center
110
epiphysis**
ends of tubular bone (2), forms joint surfaces
111
metaphysis**
flared ends of shafts, growth plates
112
where is marrow located in tubular bones and what does it do
diaphysis and epiphysis, site of rbc formation
113
hematopoietic
red marrow
114
red marrow is replaced with what during growth
yellow fatty marrow
115
types of joint functional categories
synarthrosis, amphiathrosis, diathrosis
116
synarthrosis joint functional category
no movement, found in fibrous and cartilaginous joints
117
amphiarthrosis joint functional category
some movement, found in fibrous and cartilaginous joints
118
diarthrosis joint functional category
free movement, found in synovial joints
119
types of joints
cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial
120
cartilaginous joints
joined by cartilage and stucl together
121
fibrous joints
joined by fibrous tissue, very subtle movement
122
synovial joints*
freely moving joined by hyaline cartilage
hinge, saddle, ball and socket
123
cartilage
dense, flexible connective tissue
124
what is cartilage made of
collage, proteins, water
no mineral matrix so it doesn't get hard
125
types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrous, elastic
126
hyaline
articular cartilage in joints
127
fibrous
stabilize joints
128
elastic
very flexible (e.g. ear)
129
tendons
muscle to bone
130
ligaments
bone to bone
131
periosteum
outer surface of bone covered by membrane
provides nutrients, helps w blood supply, protection
132
endosteum
inner surface of bone covered by membrane
helps with growth/development/remodeling
133
bone structure and function
organic matrix (collage, protein)
mineral matrix (crystals of hydroxyapatite provide stiffness and strength)
134
osteoblasts
bone forming
135
osteocytes
bone maintenance
136
how do osteo_____s do bone maintenance
create their own matrix called a lacuna and communicate with other osteocytes via canaliculi
137
osteoclasts
bone reabsorbing
138
bone cells
blast == cyte == clast
139
draw osteoblasts, cytes, clasts, lacuna, and canaliculi**
**
140
haversian system/osteon
lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi
imagine a pile of tree trunks and each trunk is a haversian system/osteon
141
compact bone structure (microanatomy)
made up of cylindrical unites called osteons/haversian system
haversian canal at center, surrounded by dense rings called lamellae
142
trabecular bone structure (microanatomy)
loose lamellae
no haversian system
143
main patterns of ossification
endochondral, intremembranous
144
endochondral ossification
within cartilage
most of skeleton
145
intramembranous ossification
between membranes
skull, clavicle
