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quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

osteology

A

study of bones

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2
Q

why study skeletons?

A

fossil record
shows evolutionary history
shows human adaptations over time
identifying individuals
mechanisms of disease and health

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3
Q

stimuli bone grows and responds to

A

biomechanical (normal usage)
nutritional (vitamin deficiency)
degenerational (aging)
disease
trauma

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4
Q

how often do your bones complete;y regenerate

A

every 8 years

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5
Q

Wolff’s Law**

A

how bone responds to mechanical environment
bone remodels to better resist external forces

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6
Q

what causes variation in bones?

A

differential growth
sexual dimorphism
geographic/pop. based = adaptations to diff. environments
individual

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7
Q

tubular bones

A

long (arms, legs, clavicle) and short bones (hands, feet)

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8
Q

flat bones*

A

cover and protect vital organs and muscle attachment sites
bones of skull, ilium (pelvic blade), sternum, ribs, scapula

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9
Q

irregular bone examples*

A

tarsal, carpal, vertebrae, hyoid (in neck), ear ossicles, pubis and ischium (pelvis)

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10
Q

tarsal

A

ankle

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11
Q

carpal

A

wrist

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12
Q

sesamoid bones*

A

embedded in tendons
patella (knee cap), pisiform (in wrist)

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13
Q

types of bone categories

A

long
flat
irregular
sesamoid

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14
Q

homologous bones

A

similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions

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15
Q

functions of bone

A

mineral reserve
protection and support
attachment sites for tendons and ligaments to support movement
blood production in red marrow
fat storage in yellow marrow

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16
Q

forensic anthropology

A

identification of unknown human skeletal remains, involves recovery and analysis

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17
Q

bioarchaeology

A

study of biological aspects of past human populations

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18
Q

of bones at birth

A

270

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19
Q

of bones as adult and why

A

206 bc bones fuse during life cycle

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20
Q

what is the last bone to fully fuse and at what age?

A

clavicle at 25 years

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21
Q

what is the earliest bone to fully form?

A

ear ossicles are adult size at birth

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22
Q

skeleton division

A

skull (+ mandible and hyoid)
postcranial skeleton == axial skeleton (ribs, sternum, vertebrae) and appendicular skeleton (limbs, clavicle)

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23
Q

standard anatomical position

A

standing, looking forward, feet together and forward, arms alongside trunk, palms forward, thumbs away from body

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24
Q

sagittal plane of reference**

A

vertical, divides the body into right and left halves
follows sagittal suture on skull

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25
Q

bregma

A

intersection of coronal and sagittal sutures on back of skull

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26
Q

coronal plane of reference**

A

frontal, divides body into anterior and posterior halves

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27
Q

anterior

A

front (ante = before)

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28
Q

posterior

A

back (post = after)

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29
Q

paracoronal

A

line parallel to coronal

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30
Q

transverse plane of reference**

A

horizontal
passes through body at any height creating inferior and superior halves

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31
Q

Frankfort Horizontal

A

traverse line through resting/neutral point of skull
parallel to ground surface when walking
line passes through superior margin or external ear canal and inferior margin of eye orbit

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32
Q

superior/cranial

A

towards head

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33
Q

inferior/caudal

A

away from head

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34
Q

medial

A

towards midline

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35
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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36
Q

proximal*

A

nearest axial skeleton
e.g. shoulder more proximal than fingertips

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37
Q

distal*

A

away from axial skeleton
e.g. fingertips more distal than shoulder

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38
Q

endocranial*

A

inner surface of cranial vault
e.g. skull

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39
Q

ectocranial

A

outer surface of cranial vault

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40
Q

palmar

A

palm side of hand

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41
Q

plantar

A

sole side of foot

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42
Q

dorsal

A

opposite of palmar and plantar (top of hands and feet)

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43
Q

ventral

A

towards belly

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44
Q

maxillary

A

upper teeth

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45
Q

mandibular

A

lower teeth

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46
Q

osteogenesis

A

bone growth (ossification)

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47
Q

perichondrium

A

thin layer that covers the cartilage (like periosteum)

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48
Q

how does calcification/ossification happen

A

crystals of hydroxyapatite deposited into pre-bone matrix and hardens, osteoblasts trapped in bony matrix, then become osteocytes than live in lacunae within lamellae

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49
Q

remodeling

A

process by which old bone is replaced by osteocytes with deposition of mature (lamellar) bone

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50
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone matrix and promote remodeling

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51
Q

lysosomes

A

digestive enzymes that digest collagen and dissolve hydroxyapatite, secreted by osteoclasts

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52
Q

osteoblasts

A

make new bone

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53
Q

appositional growth

A

allows shaft diameters to enlarge and shafts to elongate during development

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54
Q

how does appositional latitudinal growth happen?

A
  1. deposition on external surface below periosteum by osteoblasts
  2. resorption on internal surface below endosteum by osteoclasts
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55
Q

endosteum

A

lines inside of bone and contains bone marrow

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56
Q

how does appositional longitudinal growth happen?

A

occurs at ends of metaphysis between it and epiphysis
epiphyseal plate pushed farther from primary growth center of bone, making it longer
metaphysis and epiphysis fuse
shown by flaring of ends

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57
Q

when does ossification begin in a human?

A

6-7 weeks in utero

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58
Q

what is the “skeleton” of an embryo made of?

A

fibrous membrane and hyaline cartilage

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59
Q

what is the first bone to ossify?

A

the clavicle

60
Q

bregmatic fontanelle

A

largest fontanelle, only one to close long after birth (3-4 years)

61
Q

fontanelles

A

soft spots in baby skulls
6 areas of membrane between ossification centers
allows skull bone to continue to grow

62
Q

how does cranial growth happen?

A

deposition on ectocranial surface and at sutures
resorption on endocranial surface
bone gets bigger and thicker

63
Q

why is calcium important for bone function?

A

too little calcium decreases bone density and makes the bones weal

64
Q

osteopenia/osteoporosis

A

low bone mineral density

65
Q

biological profile

A

age, sex, stature, ancestry

66
Q

typology

A

classifying into groups based on types
often physical characteristic/hierarchical == racism
started w/ Linnaeus

67
Q

biological determinism

A

biology dictates both physical and sociocultural traits

68
Q

what were boas thoughts on biological determinism?

A

did not believe in typology or biological determinism, against biological racial typologies/biological race concept

69
Q

issues against scientific racism and the race construct

A
  1. no biological basis
  2. traits are influenced by genetics AND environment
  3. public generally wants to believe science, must be true because science said so
70
Q

types of ancestry estimation

A

non-metric/morphoscopic (looking at traits and association with features of particular ancestry groups), metric (using craniometrics)

71
Q

lingual

A

towards tongue

72
Q

buccal

A

away from tongue

73
Q

mesial

A

towards front of mouth

74
Q

distal

A

towards back of mouth

75
Q

labial

A

touching lips

76
Q

mesiodistal axis

A

along toothrow, tooth “length”

77
Q

buccolingual axis

A

perpendicular to mesiodistal, tooth “breadth”

78
Q

occlusal

A

on chewing surface of teeth

79
Q

incisal

A

occlusal edge of incisors

80
Q

cervical

A

area between bottom of visible tooth and root

81
Q

apical

A

towards root of tooth (opposite of occlusal)

82
Q

elevations and projections*

A

process, ramus

83
Q

processes for ligament or tendon attachments*

A

trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

84
Q

processes for bone articulation*

A

head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

85
Q

depression*

A

fossa, sulcus, groove

86
Q

openings*

A

foramen, notch, canal, fissure, sinus

87
Q

how does movement of the body occur?

A

muscles act directly or via tendons on bones

88
Q

what are the less/more mobile regions of muscle

A

origin of muscle = less mobile attachment point (proximal)
insertion of muscle = more mobile attachment point (distal)

89
Q

flexion*

A

decreases angle, body parts together

90
Q

extension*

A

increases angle, body parts apart

91
Q

dorsiflexion*

A

anterior part of foot away from ground
walking on heels

92
Q

plantarflextion*

A

flexing anterior part of foot up
walking on tip toes

93
Q

abduction*

A

body part away from sagittal plane (e.g. arms up at side, spreading fingers)
abduct = take away*

94
Q

span 21adduction*

A

body part towards sagittal plane (e.g. arms down at side)

95
Q

circumduction*

A

cone shaped pattern, abduction + adduction
e.g. tennis player hitting a ball

96
Q

pronation*

A

turning palms from anterior to posterior
e.g. typing

97
Q

osteogenesis/ossification

A

bone growth

98
Q

first two basic questions of osteology

A
  1. are the bones human
  2. how many individuals are present
99
Q

do bone cells divide

A

no

100
Q

how does bone harden

A

bone matrix calcifies

101
Q

how does bone grow

A

process of bone deposition/replacement on a pre-existing surface

102
Q

macroscopic

A

big

103
Q

microscopic

A

small

104
Q

two basic configurations of human bone

A

compact (cortical) and cancellous (trabecular)

105
Q

compact/cortical bone

A

very dense, on outer surfaces, concentrated on tubular (long and short) bones

106
Q

subchondral bone

A

type of cortical bones, found at joints below cartilage, thinner

107
Q

chondral

A

cartilage

108
Q

cancellous (trabecular) bone

A

porous, less dense, honeycomb structure
formed in bony columns (trabecular) separated by large spaces
found at ends of tubular bones and in flat bones and vertebrae

109
Q

diaphysis**

A

shaft of tubular bone, primary ossification center

110
Q

epiphysis**

A

ends of tubular bone (2), forms joint surfaces

111
Q

metaphysis**

A

flared ends of shafts, growth plates

112
Q

where is marrow located in tubular bones and what does it do

A

diaphysis and epiphysis, site of rbc formation

113
Q

hematopoietic

A

red marrow

114
Q

red marrow is replaced with what during growth

A

yellow fatty marrow

115
Q

types of joint functional categories

A

synarthrosis, amphiathrosis, diathrosis

116
Q

synarthrosis joint functional category

A

no movement, found in fibrous and cartilaginous joints

117
Q

amphiarthrosis joint functional category

A

some movement, found in fibrous and cartilaginous joints

118
Q

diarthrosis joint functional category

A

free movement, found in synovial joints

119
Q

types of joints

A

cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial

120
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

joined by cartilage and stucl together

121
Q

fibrous joints

A

joined by fibrous tissue, very subtle movement

122
Q

synovial joints*

A

freely moving joined by hyaline cartilage
hinge, saddle, ball and socket

123
Q

cartilage

A

dense, flexible connective tissue

124
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

collage, proteins, water
no mineral matrix so it doesn’t get hard

125
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrous, elastic

126
Q

hyaline

A

articular cartilage in joints

127
Q

fibrous

A

stabilize joints

128
Q

elastic

A

very flexible (e.g. ear)

129
Q

tendons

A

muscle to bone

130
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone

131
Q

periosteum

A

outer surface of bone covered by membrane
provides nutrients, helps w blood supply, protection

132
Q

endosteum

A

inner surface of bone covered by membrane
helps with growth/development/remodeling

133
Q

bone structure and function

A

organic matrix (collage, protein)
mineral matrix (crystals of hydroxyapatite provide stiffness and strength)

134
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming

135
Q

osteocytes

A

bone maintenance

136
Q

how do osteo_____s do bone maintenance

A

create their own matrix called a lacuna and communicate with other osteocytes via canaliculi

137
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone reabsorbing

138
Q

bone cells

A

blast == cyte == clast

139
Q

draw osteoblasts, cytes, clasts, lacuna, and canaliculi**

A

**

140
Q

haversian system/osteon

A

lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi
imagine a pile of tree trunks and each trunk is a haversian system/osteon

141
Q

compact bone structure (microanatomy)

A

made up of cylindrical unites called osteons/haversian system
haversian canal at center, surrounded by dense rings called lamellae

142
Q

trabecular bone structure (microanatomy)

A

loose lamellae
no haversian system

143
Q

main patterns of ossification

A

endochondral, intremembranous

144
Q

endochondral ossification

A

within cartilage
most of skeleton

145
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

between membranes
skull, clavicle

anth336 (9 decks)

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