FINAL Flashcards
1
Q
bone is a tissue or organ
A
tissue
2
Q
bone tissue organized into …
A
organs
3
Q
stimuli that affect bones
A
biomechanics, nutritional, degeneration, disease, trauma
4
Q
bone replaces itself every ____ years
A
8
5
Q
Wolff’s law
A
how bone responds to its mechanical environment (gravity)
6
Q
tubular bones
A
long and short
arms, legs, clavicle, hands, feet
7
Q
flat bones
A
protect organs
skull, sternum, ribs, scapula
8
Q
irregular bones
A
tarsal, carpal, vertebrae, hyoid, ear ossicles, pubis and ischium
9
Q
sesamoid bones
A
embedded in tendons
patella, pisiform
10
Q
bone function
A
mineral storage, protect organs, attachment sites, blood protection (red), fat storage (yellow)
11
Q
hemopoietic marrow
A
production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
12
Q
fatty marrow
A
fat storage, yellow
13
Q
of bones at birth
A
270
14
Q
of bones as adult
A
206
15
Q
last bone to fully fuse
A
clavicle @ 25
16
Q
earliest bone to form
A
ear ossicles
17
Q
two parts of skeleton
A
skull (mandible + hyoid)
post cranial skeleton
18
Q
post cranial skeleton parts
A
axial = trunk
appendicular = limbs
19
Q
endocranial
A
inner cranial vault
20
Q
ectocranial
A
outer cranial vault
21
Q
flexion
A
decreases anglee
22
Q
extension
A
increases angle
23
Q
dorsiflexion
A
foot away from ground (heels)
24
Q
plantarflexion
A
foot towards ground (tiptoes)
25
abduction
away from sagittal plane
26
adduction
towards sagittal plane
27
circumduction
tennis racket
28
two types of bones
compact/cortical bone
cancellous/trabecular bone
29
compact bone
dense outer surface
30
subchondral bone
compact bone found at joints and covered by cartilage
31
cancellous bone
honeycomb
32
parts of tubular bones
diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis
33
diaphysis
shaft
34
epiphysis
ends
35
metaphysis
flared ends of shafts
36
types of joints
synarthrosis (no movement)
amphiarthrosis (some)
diarthrosis (free)
37
synarthrosis
no movement
fibrous + cartilaginous
cranial bones, teeth
38
amphiarthrosis
some movement
fibrous + cartilaginous
tibia and fibula, vertebrae, pelvis
39
diarthrosis
free movement
synovial (hyaline)
40
types of synovial joints
hinge
saddle
ball and socket
41
hinge joint ex
elbow knee
42
saddle joint ex
1st metacarpal
43
ball socket joint ex
shoulder hip
44
cartilage made of
collagen
45
types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrous, elastic
46
muscles connect to bones via
tendons
47
bones connect to bones via
ligaments
48
periosteum
outer surface of bone
49
endosteum
inner surface of bone
50
woven bone
immature bone
fetal skeleton
sites of injury
51
bone microstructure
organic collagen
mineral/inorganic hydroxyapatite
52
osteoblasts
form bone
53
osteocytes
bone maintenance
54
osteoclasts
reabsorb bone
55
how is bone maintained
compact bone made of cylindrical units called osteons = Haversian system
Haversian canal at center surrounded by lamellae
56
lacunae
cavities containing osteocytes
57
canaliculi
connect lacunae
58
haverian system found in compact or trabecular
compact
59
lamellar bone
mature bone
non random
60
osteogenesis
bone growth
61
patterns of ossification
endochondral
intramembranous
62
endochondral ossification
within cartilage
post cranial skeleton and cranial base
63
intramembranous ossification
between membranes
most skull bones except cranial base, clavicle
64
appositional growth
allows shaft diameters to enlarge and shafts to elongate during development
65
cranial growth
deposition on ectocranium at sutures
66
fontanelles
6 soft spots on skull
67
osteoporosis
low bone density due to calcium loss
68
num of bones in the skull
29
69
num of ear ossicles
3 right 3 left = 6
70
skull bones
21 bones of head
6 ear ossicles
mandible
hyoid
71
skull
entire head
72
cranium
head minus mandible
73
calvarium
cranium without face = neurocranium
74
calotte
skull cap
75
splachnocranium
bones of face including mandible
76
neurocranium
bones of brain case
77
basilar suture
joins sphenoid and occipital bones, fuses between 18-25 thru sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis
78
layers of neurocranium
outer = tabula externa (cortical)
middle = diploe (cancellous, marrow)
inner = tabula interna (cortical)
79
sinuses
air filled mucus lined chambers between internal and external bone tables
80
how many main sinuses are there
4
81
all sinuses are linked to
nasal cavity
82
sinus names in order top to bottom
frontal
ethmoidal
maxillary
sphenoidal
83
num of divisions in neurocranium
3
84
divisions in neurocranium
anterior cranial fossa - frontal lobes and cerebral cortex
middle cranial fossa - temporal lobes and cerebral cortex
posterior cranial fossa - cerebellum
85
what do sinus veins do
drain blood from the brain
86
where does blood exit the brain
internal jugular vein @ jugular foramen
87
cranial sinuses/veins
superior sagittal, transverse, sigmoid
88
ossification patterns in neurocranium
intramem = sides, roof, face
endochondral = base
both = occipital, sphenoid, temporal
89
cranial vault
frontal, parietals, temporals, occipital
90
how many bones in the face
14
91
temporal line
anterior extent of insertion for temporals muscle
closes jaw
92
bregma
coronal + sagittal
93
lambda
sagittal + lambdoid
94
asterion
lambdoid, parietomastoid, occipitomastoid
95
frontal angle
coronal and sagittal
96
occipital angle
sagittal and lambdoid
97
mastoid angle
lambdoid and squamosal
98
sphenoid
coronal and squamosal
99
how to side parietal bone
parietal straie go vertical
meningeal grooves originate from sphenoidal angle
sagittal sulcus at top originating from frontal bone
sigmoid/transverse sulcus at mastoid angle
100
ossification patterns of occipital bone
intramembranous - squamous portion
endochondral - basilar and condylar portions
101
basilar portion of occipital condyles
anterior to foramen magnum
102
condylar portion
lateral to foramen magnum
103
squamosal portion
everything else on occipital
104
what vertebrae do occipital condyles articulate w
C1 = atlas
105
where is EOP found
superior nuchal line
106
where is EOC found
inferior nuchal line
107
jugular process
anterior and lateral projection next to occipital condyles
108
internal occipital protiberance
counterpoint of cruciform eminence
109
internal occipital crest
inferior arm of cruciform
110
transverse sulcus
right and left horizontal arms of cruciform eminence
111
sagittal sulcus
anterior arm of cruciform
112
cerebral fossa
right and left depressions next to sagittal sulcus and above transverse sulcus
113
cerebellar fossae
right and left depressions next to internal occipital crest and below transverse sulcus
114
3 parts of the temporal bone
squamosal, tympanic, encochondral
115
squama
vertical portion of temporal bone
116
where does the master muscle insert
inferior margin of zygomatic arch
117
mandibular fossa
site of articulation with condylar process of the mandible
118
post glenoid process
right behind mandibular fossa
119
articular eminence
right in front of mandibular process
120
what happens to the mandibular condyle during mastication
at rest condyle lies in mandibular fossa
during mastication condyle slides anteriorly onto articular eminence
121
what muscle attaches to the mastoid process
digastric muscle
122
carotid canal
located medially to styloid process
123
where do the ear ossicles live
tympanic plate
124
jugular fossa (temporal) + jugular notch (occipital) =
jugular foramen
125
what joint does the mandibular process form
tmj
126
basilar synchondrosis
articulation of sphenoid and occipital
127
what attaches to medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
medial pterygoid muscle (same fior lateral)
128
how manyh bones in the viscerocranium
14
129
name the bones of the viscerocranium
maxilla, palatine, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, mandible
130
what sinus is housed in the body of the maxilla
maxillary sinus
131
