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anth336 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

bone is a tissue or organ

A

tissue

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2
Q

bone tissue organized into …

A

organs

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3
Q

stimuli that affect bones

A

biomechanics, nutritional, degeneration, disease, trauma

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4
Q

bone replaces itself every ____ years

A

8

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5
Q

Wolff’s law

A

how bone responds to its mechanical environment (gravity)

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6
Q

tubular bones

A

long and short
arms, legs, clavicle, hands, feet

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7
Q

flat bones

A

protect organs
skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

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8
Q

irregular bones

A

tarsal, carpal, vertebrae, hyoid, ear ossicles, pubis and ischium

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9
Q

sesamoid bones

A

embedded in tendons
patella, pisiform

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10
Q

bone function

A

mineral storage, protect organs, attachment sites, blood protection (red), fat storage (yellow)

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11
Q

hemopoietic marrow

A

production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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12
Q

fatty marrow

A

fat storage, yellow

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13
Q

of bones at birth

A

270

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14
Q

of bones as adult

A

206

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15
Q

last bone to fully fuse

A

clavicle @ 25

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16
Q

earliest bone to form

A

ear ossicles

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17
Q

two parts of skeleton

A

skull (mandible + hyoid)
post cranial skeleton

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18
Q

post cranial skeleton parts

A

axial = trunk
appendicular = limbs

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19
Q

endocranial

A

inner cranial vault

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20
Q

ectocranial

A

outer cranial vault

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21
Q

flexion

A

decreases anglee

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22
Q

extension

A

increases angle

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23
Q

dorsiflexion

A

foot away from ground (heels)

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24
Q

plantarflexion

A

foot towards ground (tiptoes)

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25
Q

abduction

A

away from sagittal plane

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26
Q

adduction

A

towards sagittal plane

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27
Q

circumduction

A

tennis racket

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28
Q

two types of bones

A

compact/cortical bone
cancellous/trabecular bone

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29
Q

compact bone

A

dense outer surface

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30
Q

subchondral bone

A

compact bone found at joints and covered by cartilage

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31
Q

cancellous bone

A

honeycomb

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32
Q

parts of tubular bones

A

diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis

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33
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft

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34
Q

epiphysis

A

ends

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35
Q

metaphysis

A

flared ends of shafts

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36
Q

types of joints

A

synarthrosis (no movement)
amphiarthrosis (some)
diarthrosis (free)

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37
Q

synarthrosis

A

no movement
fibrous + cartilaginous
cranial bones, teeth

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38
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

some movement
fibrous + cartilaginous
tibia and fibula, vertebrae, pelvis

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39
Q

diarthrosis

A

free movement
synovial (hyaline)

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40
Q

types of synovial joints

A

hinge
saddle
ball and socket

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41
Q

hinge joint ex

A

elbow knee

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42
Q

saddle joint ex

A

1st metacarpal

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43
Q

ball socket joint ex

A

shoulder hip

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44
Q

cartilage made of

A

collagen

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45
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibrous, elastic

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46
Q

muscles connect to bones via

A

tendons

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47
Q

bones connect to bones via

A

ligaments

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48
Q

periosteum

A

outer surface of bone

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49
Q

endosteum

A

inner surface of bone

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50
Q

woven bone

A

immature bone
fetal skeleton
sites of injury

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51
Q

bone microstructure

A

organic collagen
mineral/inorganic hydroxyapatite

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52
Q

osteoblasts

A

form bone

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53
Q

osteocytes

A

bone maintenance

54
Q

osteoclasts

A

reabsorb bone

55
Q

how is bone maintained

A

compact bone made of cylindrical units called osteons = Haversian system
Haversian canal at center surrounded by lamellae

56
Q

lacunae

A

cavities containing osteocytes

57
Q

canaliculi

A

connect lacunae

58
Q

haverian system found in compact or trabecular

A

compact

59
Q

lamellar bone

A

mature bone
non random

60
Q

osteogenesis

A

bone growth

61
Q

patterns of ossification

A

endochondral
intramembranous

62
Q

endochondral ossification

A

within cartilage
post cranial skeleton and cranial base

63
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

between membranes
most skull bones except cranial base, clavicle

64
Q

appositional growth

A

allows shaft diameters to enlarge and shafts to elongate during development

65
Q

cranial growth

A

deposition on ectocranium at sutures

66
Q

fontanelles

A

6 soft spots on skull

67
Q

osteoporosis

A

low bone density due to calcium loss

68
Q

num of bones in the skull

A

29

69
Q

num of ear ossicles

A

3 right 3 left = 6

70
Q

skull bones

A

21 bones of head
6 ear ossicles
mandible
hyoid

71
Q

skull

A

entire head

72
Q

cranium

A

head minus mandible

73
Q

calvarium

A

cranium without face = neurocranium

74
Q

calotte

A

skull cap

75
Q

splachnocranium

A

bones of face including mandible

76
Q

neurocranium

A

bones of brain case

77
Q

basilar suture

A

joins sphenoid and occipital bones, fuses between 18-25 thru sphenoid-occipital synchondrosis

78
Q

layers of neurocranium

A

outer = tabula externa (cortical)
middle = diploe (cancellous, marrow)
inner = tabula interna (cortical)

79
Q

sinuses

A

air filled mucus lined chambers between internal and external bone tables

80
Q

how many main sinuses are there

A

4

81
Q

all sinuses are linked to

A

nasal cavity

82
Q

sinus names in order top to bottom

A

frontal
ethmoidal
maxillary
sphenoidal

83
Q

num of divisions in neurocranium

A

3

84
Q

divisions in neurocranium

A

anterior cranial fossa - frontal lobes and cerebral cortex
middle cranial fossa - temporal lobes and cerebral cortex
posterior cranial fossa - cerebellum

85
Q

what do sinus veins do

A

drain blood from the brain

86
Q

where does blood exit the brain

A

internal jugular vein @ jugular foramen

87
Q

cranial sinuses/veins

A

superior sagittal, transverse, sigmoid

88
Q

ossification patterns in neurocranium

A

intramem = sides, roof, face
endochondral = base
both = occipital, sphenoid, temporal

89
Q

cranial vault

A

frontal, parietals, temporals, occipital

90
Q

how many bones in the face

A

14

91
Q

temporal line

A

anterior extent of insertion for temporals muscle
closes jaw

92
Q

bregma

A

coronal + sagittal

93
Q

lambda

A

sagittal + lambdoid

94
Q

asterion

A

lambdoid, parietomastoid, occipitomastoid

95
Q

frontal angle

A

coronal and sagittal

96
Q

occipital angle

A

sagittal and lambdoid

97
Q

mastoid angle

A

lambdoid and squamosal

98
Q

sphenoid

A

coronal and squamosal

99
Q

how to side parietal bone

A

parietal straie go vertical
meningeal grooves originate from sphenoidal angle
sagittal sulcus at top originating from frontal bone
sigmoid/transverse sulcus at mastoid angle

100
Q

ossification patterns of occipital bone

A

intramembranous - squamous portion
endochondral - basilar and condylar portions

101
Q

basilar portion of occipital condyles

A

anterior to foramen magnum

102
Q

condylar portion

A

lateral to foramen magnum

103
Q

squamosal portion

A

everything else on occipital

104
Q

what vertebrae do occipital condyles articulate w

A

C1 = atlas

105
Q

where is EOP found

A

superior nuchal line

106
Q

where is EOC found

A

inferior nuchal line

107
Q

jugular process

A

anterior and lateral projection next to occipital condyles

108
Q

internal occipital protiberance

A

counterpoint of cruciform eminence

109
Q

internal occipital crest

A

inferior arm of cruciform

110
Q

transverse sulcus

A

right and left horizontal arms of cruciform eminence

111
Q

sagittal sulcus

A

anterior arm of cruciform

112
Q

cerebral fossa

A

right and left depressions next to sagittal sulcus and above transverse sulcus

113
Q

cerebellar fossae

A

right and left depressions next to internal occipital crest and below transverse sulcus

114
Q

3 parts of the temporal bone

A

squamosal, tympanic, encochondral

115
Q

squama

A

vertical portion of temporal bone

116
Q

where does the master muscle insert

A

inferior margin of zygomatic arch

117
Q

mandibular fossa

A

site of articulation with condylar process of the mandible

118
Q

post glenoid process

A

right behind mandibular fossa

119
Q

articular eminence

A

right in front of mandibular process

120
Q

what happens to the mandibular condyle during mastication

A

at rest condyle lies in mandibular fossa
during mastication condyle slides anteriorly onto articular eminence

121
Q

what muscle attaches to the mastoid process

A

digastric muscle

122
Q

carotid canal

A

located medially to styloid process

123
Q

where do the ear ossicles live

A

tympanic plate

124
Q

jugular fossa (temporal) + jugular notch (occipital) =

A

jugular foramen

125
Q

what joint does the mandibular process form

A

tmj

126
Q

basilar synchondrosis

A

articulation of sphenoid and occipital

127
Q

what attaches to medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate

A

medial pterygoid muscle (same fior lateral)

128
Q

how manyh bones in the viscerocranium

A

14

129
Q

name the bones of the viscerocranium

A

maxilla, palatine, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, lacrimal, nasal, zygomatic, mandible

130
Q

what sinus is housed in the body of the maxilla

A

maxillary sinus

131
Q
A

anth336 (10 decks)

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