Quickies Flashcards
1
Q
Inputs to the RF come from which 3 major sources?
A
- cerebellum, primary sensory cortex, cranial n X
2
Q
Name function for each neurotransmitter:
*serotonin
A
- linked with REM sleep
- linked with wakefulness
- pain modulation
3
Q
Name function for each neurotransmitter:
*dopamine
A
- addiction
* reward & motivation
4
Q
Name function for each neurotransmitter:
* acetylcholine
A
- influences postural control
* linked with wakefulness
5
Q
Name function for each neurotransmitter:
* norepinephrine
A
- watchfulness
* linked with wakefulness
6
Q
The direct effects of reticular formation outputs on movement:
A
are important for regulating upright posture
7
Q
Which of the following statements are correct?
- disruption of sleep cycles can lead to autonomic, emotional, and cognitive impairments
- wakefulness is mediated by a single neurotransmittore, orexin
- dreaming occurs during non-REM sleep
- memory consolidation occurs during REM sleep
- arousal can be defined as the transition between being awake and attending to input
A
- disruption of sleep cycles can lead to autonomic, emotional, and cognitive impairments7.
8
Q
Be able to identify levels on Warren’s visual perceptual hierarchy.
A
(bottom to top)
- Foundational: oculomotor, vis acuity, vis fields
- attention
- scanning
- pattern recognition
- visual memory
- visuocognition
- adaptations
9
Q
Rod (R) or Cone (C):
*color vision
A
C
10
Q
Rod (R) or Cone (C):
*absent from fovea
A
R
11
Q
Rod (R) or Cone (C):
*highly sensitive to light
A
R
12
Q
Rod (R) or Cone (C):
*more numerous in retina
A
R
13
Q
Which of the following accurately links a visual pathway and its function?
- the pathway involving the superior colliculus is responsible for the visual contribution to stereognosis
- the geniculocalcarine pathway carries fibers from the retinal hemifields of both eyes
- the sympathetic pathway involved in pupillary light reflex passes through the Edinger-Westfal nucleus
- the projection from the thamalus to the primary visual cortex is responsible for our ability to detect movement in the periphery
- the projection fro primary visual cortex to prefrontal cortex, running thru the parietal lobe, provides info on on the location of objects
A
- the projection fro primary visual cortex to prefrontal cortex, running thru the parietal lobe, provides info on on the location of objects
14
Q
The auditory system:
- is organized so that high pitch sounds displace the tectorial membrane at the apex
- converts the mechanical energy of sound waves into neural signals at the tympanic membrance
- consists of only ipsilateral projections to the cochlear nuclei
- has at least 2 fiber pathways projecting to the inferior colliculus
- relies on interpretation at the level of the thalamus for speech comprehension
A
- has at least 2 fiber pathways projecting to the inferior colliculus
15
Q
The hippocampus received input from all but which of the following?
- anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- auditory system
- RF
- septal region
- PFC
A
- anterior nucleus of the thalamus
16
Q
TRUE/FALSE:
*Learning can be thought of as the ability to store experiences.
A
FALSE:
Learning can be thought of as the ability to CHANGE BEHAVIOR BASED ON experiences.
17
Q
TRUE/FALSE:
*Short term memory involves alterations of existing synaptic connections.
A
TRUE
18
Q
TRUE/FALSE:
*Research suggests that multitasking facilitates the transfer of memory between short and long term.
A
FALSE:
*Research suggests that MULTI-TRIALS facilitates the transfer of memory between short and long term.
19
Q
Which of the following does not project to the limbic system?
- olfactory complex
- thalamus
- PFC
- RF
- Basal ganglia
A
- Basal ganglia
20
Q
Which of the following does not project to the limbic system?
- olfactory complex
- thalamus
- PFC
- RF
- Basal ganglia
A
- Basal ganglia
21
Q
In what function of action is the limbic system NOT DIRECTLY involved in?
A
initiation of movment
22
Q
Parkinson’s is characterized by:
- loss of GABA producing cells in the striatum
- damage or dysfunction in the subthalamus
- loss of DA producing cells in the substantia nigra
- dysfunction of caudate nucleus-PFC interactions
A
- loss of DA producing cells in the substantia nigra
23
Q
Huntington’s disease is characterized by:
- loss of GABA producing cells in the striatum
- damage or dysfunction in the subthalamus
- loss of DA producing cells in the substantia nigra
- dysfunction of caudate nucleus-PFC interactions
A
- loss of GABA producing cells in the striatum
24
Q
Tic disorders has been linked with:
- loss of GABA producing cells in the striatum
- damage or dysfunction in the subthalamus
- loss of DA producing cells in the substantia nigra
- dysfunction of caudate nucleus-PFC interactions
A
- dysfunction of caudate nucleus-PFC interactions
25
Hemiballisms are linked with:
1. loss of GABA producing cells in the striatum
2. damage or dysfunction in the subthalamus
3. loss of DA producing cells in the substantia nigra
4. dysfunction of caudate nucleus-PFC interactions
2. damage or dysfunction in the subthalamus
26
The direct pathway between BG and the cortex does what?
facilitates movement
| *the indirect pathway inhibits movement
27
Explain the indirect motor pathway.
Cortex --> neostriatum (caudate nuc. + putamen) -->
globus pallidus --> subthalamic nucleus -->
globus pallidus --> thalamus --> cortex
28
What is the functional difference between the BG and the cerebellum??
movement based on BG activation is internally generated; movement based on cerebellar activation can be generated by external stimuli
29
PMA (premotor cortex), SMA, M1, Cb, or BG:
| *Cells here fire just before and during movement
M1
30
PMA (premotor cortex), SMA, M1, Cb, or BG:
| *Involved in reward-based and reward anticipated movement
BG
31
PMA (premotor cortex), SMA, M1, Cb, or BG:
| *Cortical input to postural control
PMA
32
PMA (premotor cortex), SMA, M1, Cb, or BG:
| *plays a role in initiating internally generated movement
BG
33
PMA (premotor cortex), SMA, M1, Cb, or BG:
| *action repetition influences synaptic connectivity here
Cb
34
PMA (premotor cortex), SMA, M1, Cb, or BG:
| *Cells here fire during the planning of movement
SMA
35
Briefly describe the Reticuospinal pathway?
* medial reticulospinal pathway: facilitates voluntary movement
* lateral reticulospinal pathway: inhibits voluntary movement
36
Artery on base of brainstem:
vertebral
37
Artery on midline of pons:
basilar
38
Artery through midbrain:
internal carotid
39
TRUE/FALSE:
| Posterior cerebral artery strokes are associated with homonymous heminopsia
TRUE
40
Which of the following correctly characterizes proprioception:
1. spinocerebellar inputs provide ongoing info first to the thalamus and then to the cortex, as a foundation for body scheme
2. fibers in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway project to the cerebellum as a foundation for knowing where the body is in space
3. anterolateral pathways are responsible for transmitting the majority of proprioceptive input from the body to the thalamus
4. Dorsal column medial lemniscal inputs are important in cortically mediated movement such as needed in skilled tool usage
5. ventral spinocerebellar pathway carries input from the hands and arms to the cerebellum
4. Dorsal column medial lemniscal inputs are important in cortically mediated movement such as needed in skilled tool usage
41
Projections of the Anterolateral pathway do NOT include:
1. BG
2. hypothalamus
3. amygdala
4. RF
5. thalamus
1. BG
42
Sensory re-education
Used for discrimination and can be conducted in client has intact protective sensation
43
Manual therapy
shows some evidence of effectiveness in mediation of low back pain
44
TRUE/FALSE:
| *quick stretch results in a phasic response
TRUE
45
TRUE/FALSE:
| *golgi tendon organ responds best to muscle movement
FALSE
46
TRUE/FALSE:
| *adding resistance to a weakly contracting muscle will lead to muscle fatigue
FALSE
47
TRUE/FALSE:
| *reciprocal inhibition relies on the function of the golgi tendon organ
TRUE
48
The cortex sends afferent input to the cerebellum by 3 brainstem structures. Names them,
1. RF
2. Inferior olive
3. pontine nuclei
49
Mossy fibers, Climbing fibers, OR Purkinje fibers:
| *provides the cb with ongoing background info about movement
mossy fibers
50
Mossy fibers, Climbing fibers, OR Purkinje fibers:
| *carries input from sensory motor cortex relative to programming and execution of movement
climbing fibers
51
Mossy fibers, Climbing fibers, OR Purkinje fibers:
| *carries info from cb to thalamic nuclei such as the VA and VL
Purkinje fibers
52
Mossy fibers, Climbing fibers, OR Purkinje fibers:
| *aid in the coordination of visual and vestibular inputs to control eye movement
mossy fibers
53
Which is NOT a cb function:
1. generation of the motor command for movement
2. process proprioceptive input to aid in knowledge of velocity and force of movement
3. smooth out movement during execution
4. aid in maintaining upright posture
5. compare intended and actual movement to allow for online correction
1. generation of the motor command for movement
54
3 motor deficits associated with cb lesions
1. ataxia
2. hypotonia
3. dysarthria
55
2 additional functions (not listed in main functions) that the cb is involved in
1. cognition (memory, language)
| 2. emotional (affect, emotional regulation)
56
TRUE/FALSE:
| In motor control, a task consideration is determining whether the movement is open or closed loop action.
TRUE
57
TRUE/FALSE:
| Geographically, motor systems can be categorized to link lateral systems with extension and medial systems with flexion.
FALSE
| lateral systems with FLEXION and medial systems with EXTENSION
58
TRUE/FALSE:
| Lower motor neurons have cell bodies and axons in the CNS.
FALSE
| Upper motor neurons have cell bodies in axons in the CNS
59
Recruitment of motor units underlies our ability to generate greater tension and strength as needed for task performance.
TRUE
60
Considerations for motor control relative to task, environment, and personal capacity
1. difficulty (grading for challenge)
2. regulatory (size, shape, weight of object)
3. perception (involves primary sensory cortex)
4. discrete neural control
5. continuous neural control (determined by person, not task)
6. base of support
7. manipulation
8. open/closed movement (open: soccer; closed: brushing teeth)
* there may be more... consult notes*
61
What part of the neuron:
| * afferent
dendrites
62
What part of the neuron:
| * efferent
axon
63
Ependymal cells do which of the following:
1. regulate inflammatory response to CNS injury
2. provide structural and nutritional support for axon
3. transport hormones within CNS
3. transport hormones within CNS
64
Spina bifida occulta
occurs when there is a gap in 1 or more vertebral arch, but no tissue protrudes into the gap
65
In MS, demyelination results in which of the following?
1. sensation such as numbness and pain
2. spasticity
3. difficulty controlling speed of movement
1. sensation such as numbness and pain
66
Reactive neuroplasticity:
the nervous system response to injury or insult
67
The stretch reflex:
activates alpha motor neurons to result in contraction of the stretched muscle
68
TRUE/FALSE
| Receptors with small receptive fields provide relatively precise info to the CNS
TRUE
