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Neuro second half > Motor Pathways > Flashcards

Motor Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

General rules of which system?

*Voluntary control of distal movement AND under direct cortical control

A

Lateral pathway

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2
Q

General rules of which system?

*control of posture and movement AND under brain stem control

A

Ventromedial pathway

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3
Q

2 major lateral pathways

A
  1. corticospinal

2. corticobulbar

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4
Q

Which pathway?

*originates in areas 4 (m1) and 6 (SMA, PMA0

A

corticospinal

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5
Q

Which pathway?

*fibers arise from head/face region of primary motor cortex

A

corticobulbar

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6
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

motor cortex –> spinal cord –> alpha motor neuron –> muscle contraction

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7
Q

Which pathway?

*crucial for voluntary control and precise movement

A

corticospinal

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8
Q

Which areas (4 areas) are origins on the corticospinal tract?

A
  1. primary motor cortex (30%)
  2. premotor and supplemental motor (30%)
  3. primary somatosensory cortex (31%)
  4. parietal areas (5, 7, 39, 40) (9%)
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9
Q

What goes into M1 (Primary Motor Cortex)?

know that many interactions are reciprocal!!

A

cortical input

  1. primary sensory
  2. supplemental and premotor
  3. visual
  4. auditory

subcortical (indirect) input (via thalamus)

  1. cerebellum
  2. basal ganglia
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10
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) action involves all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. M1 neurons fire just before a movement
  2. projects primarily to lumbar cord levels only
  3. some fibers can control both antagonist and agonist activity
  4. controls isometric and dynamic movements
A
  1. projects primarily to lumbar cord levels only

* projects primarily to lumbar AND cervical cord levels

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11
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) action involves all of the following EXCEPT:

  1. controls velocity and direction of movement
  2. receives vestibular feedback during movement in an ongoing manner and will alter firing in response to such input
A
  1. receives vestibular feedback during movement in an ongoing manner and will alter firing in response to such input
    * receives somatosensory feedback
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12
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Parietal cortex involves areas 3, 2, 1, & 5 for movement

A

FALSE

*areas 5, 7

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13
Q

Which part of the coretx has the highest level of motor control?

A

parietal (area 5, 7)

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14
Q

Parietal and Prefrontal cortex projects to which area?

A

Area 6: where “what” actions are needed becomes converted to “how” actions will be carried out

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15
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Supplemental Motor Cortex cells are active about 1 second before muscle activity

A

TRUE

*an eternity!!!! so it does a lot of integration (multisensory) to get things planned

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16
Q

Which 2 areas give the supplemental motor cortex inputs?

A
  1. BG

2. posterior parietal cortex

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17
Q

Name the 3 roles of the Supplemental Motor Cortex.

A
  1. coordinates voluntary movement
  2. postural adjustments
  3. planning and preparation for movement, particularly self-inititated (BG)
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18
Q

Which is NOT a typical damage to SMA?

  1. bradykinesia
  2. akinesia
  3. loss of facial expression
A
  1. bradykinesia
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19
Q

Which is NOT a typical damage to SMA?

  1. difficulty with tasks requiring interaction of both hands
  2. difficulty initiating movement (can respond to sensory cues to begin movement)
  3. cerebellar interaction is deleted
A
  1. cerebellar interaction is deleted
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20
Q

Which is NOT a typical damage to PMA?

  1. akinesia
  2. clumsy, slow movement
  3. proximal weakness
  4. perseveration may develop, and rhythmic movements are disrupted
A
  1. akinesia

* apraxia

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21
Q

Which is NOT a typical damage to PMA?

  1. ability to learn complex or sequential movements is impaired
  2. loss of facial expression
  3. difficulty with sensory triggered tasks
A
  1. loss of facial expression

* this is damage to SMA

22
Q

Which tract is described?

  1. synapse with all motor cranial nerves
  2. subserves voluntary control of muscles of facial expression, movement of eyes, mouth, and tongue
  3. primarily bilateral projects (exceptions: lower face muscles, spinal accessory nerve projections)
A

corticobulbar pathway

23
Q

Which tract is described?

  1. lesions result in weakness, not paraylsis
  2. muscles of facial expression and protrusion of tongue are contralateral only; lesion – > paralysis
A

corticobulbar pathway

24
Q

Which tract is described?

  1. red nucleus receives from the cerebellum, primary and remotor cortices
  2. project to cervical and lumbar cord
  3. joins corticospinal pathway just below pons
A

rubrospinal pathway

25
Q

Which is not a description of Rubrospinal pathway?

  1. primary function: active flexor motor neurons
  2. likely redundant with corticospinal pathway in humans, quite small
  3. works to compensate for postural stability
A
  1. Works to compensate for postural stability
26
Q

Which tract is described?

1. bilateral –> cervical cord; controls neck, movements; coordinates head movement with body

A

vestibulospinal pathway

27
Q

TRUE/FALSE
*The vestibulospinal pathway can move ipsilateral with projections to the lumbar cord, which maintains upright, balanced posture via activation of fine motor extensors

A

FALSE
*The vestibulospinal pathway can move ipsilateral to the lumbar cord, which maintains upright, balanced posture via activation of LEG extensors

28
Q

TRUE/FALSE
* The vestibulospinal pathway works to compensate for postural instability, keeps head balanced as you move through space, turns your head in response to new sensory input

29
Q

Which tract receives input from sensory systems, PMA, SMA, cerebellum, and other regions of the reticular formation?

A

Medial reticulospinal

30
Q

TRUE/FALSE

*The MEDIAL RETICULOSPINAL pathway projections ipsilaterally to a few spinal segments.

A

FALSE:
*The MEDIAL RETICULOSPINAL pathway projections bilaterally to a many spinal segments; it involves several levels; and may play a role in coordination movement involving cord level interactions

31
Q

TRUE/FALSE

*The MEDIAL RETICULOSPINAL pathway is your postural set; it mediates movement that do not require dexterity or balance.

32
Q

What is the primary function of the MEDIAL RETICULOSPINAL pathway?

A

facilitate voluntary movement and increase muscle tone

33
Q

Which 3 pathways mediate postural adjustment during limb movement?

A

Lateral Reticulospinal Pathway
Medial Reticulospinal Pathway
Vestibulospinal Pathway

34
Q

TRUE/FALSE
The LATERAL RETICULOSPINAL pathway is efferent to the lumbar spinal levels and inhibits voluntary movement, reducing tone.

A

FALSE:

The LATERAL RETICULOSPINAL pathway is efferent to the ALL spinal levels and inhibits voluntary movement, reducing tone.

35
Q

Which pathway enhances antigravity reflexes and increases muscle tone?

A

pontine (medial)

36
Q

Which pathway liberates antigravity muscles from reflex control and decreases muscle tone?

A

medullary (lateral)

37
Q

Which pathway functions to direct eye and head toward a new stimulus?

A

tectospinal pathway

38
Q

Where does the tectospinal pathway originate?

A

superior colliculus

39
Q

The internal carotid artery (anterior cerebral artery) goes where?

A
  • medial aspect of frontal and parietal

* primary sensory and motor regions

40
Q

Which artery is most often involved in stroke?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

41
Q

Where does the Middle Cerebral Artery project?

A
  1. lateral aspect of brain
  2. temporal, front, parietal, occipital lobes
  3. branches to putament, caudate, anterior limb of internal capsule
42
Q

Which artery is described?

  • union of vertebral arteries (posterior interior cerebellar arteries)
  • projects to pons, part of cerebellum
  • feeds posterior cerebral arteries
A

Basiliar Artery

43
Q

The posterior cerebral artery projects to which structures?

A
  1. midbrain
  2. thalamus
  3. subthalamic nucleus
44
Q

What drains blood from the brain?

A
  1. veins

2. dural sinuses

45
Q

TRUE/FALSE
*Veins can be separated into superficial and deep cerebral veins, and then drains into sinuses. The internal jugular vein drains sinuses.

46
Q

Which is NOT a Dural Sinus?

  1. sagittal (superior, inferior)
  2. straight (medial surface)
  3. transverse (lateral surface)
  4. occipital
  5. arachnoid
  6. confluence
  7. sigmoid sinus
47
Q

Which sinus contains superior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital locations?

A

confluence

48
Q

With a Middle Cerebral Artery stroke, what happens?

A
  • contralateral hemiplegia with greater involvement of the arm, face, tongue, sensory deficits, possibly aphasia if the L hemisphere is involved
  • may also see anosognosia (smell), unilateral neglect, impaired vertical perception, visual spatial deficits, and perseveration with R hemisphere involvement
49
Q

What is the impact of Anterior Cerebral Artery?

A
  • contralateral lower extremity weakness more severe than UE
  • apraxia
  • intellectual changes (confusion, disorientation, distractibility, limited verbal output)
50
Q

ADD STROKE TYPES

Neuro second half (9 decks)

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