Basal Ganglia Flashcards
TRUE/FALSE:
basal ganglia and cerebellum both provide foundation from which cortex can direct purposeful movement
TRUE
Net result of Direct Motor Pathway
facilitation of movement
increase cortical inputs
Net result of Indirect Motor Pathway
suppression of movement
decrease of cortical inputs
Which structures of the basal ganglia receive INPUT?
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
* Put(amen) the CA(uda)T(e nucleus) IN(put) the house.
Which structures of the basal ganglia produce OUTPUT?
- glObus pallidus
- sUbstantia nigra
- subThalamic nucleus
The thalamus does what to the cortex?
excitatory
The Subthalamic Nucleus projection in the ________ Pathway does what to the cortex?
Indirect; inhibits cortex
Which is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?
- cognition, related to movement
- limbic
- lower level processing of movement
- lower level processing of movement
* HIGHER level processing (planning regions, premotor & prefrontal projections)
Which is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?
- facilitation of undesired & suppression of desired movement
- initiation of internally generated movement
- memory of motor programs
- facilitation of undesired & suppression of desired movement
* facilitation of desired & suppression of undesired movement (reward-based movement & reward anticipated movement) = DA loop
TRUE/FALSE
Basal Ganglia influences muscle tone and generation of force
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
Basal Ganglia aids in the awareness of body orientation in space & provides memory for object location
TRUE
Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?
*receives inputs from visual fields, limbic structures, & cortical associations?
Caudate nucleus
Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?
*receives input from M1, S1, and secondary motor
Putamen
Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?
*linked with emotional link to movement, movement of eyes, and cognitive aspects of movement (motivation and rewards, planning/sequencing)
Caudate nucleus
TRUE/FALSE
*the neostriatim is the caudate nucleus + subthalamic nucleus
FALSE
*the neostriatim = the caudate nucleus + putamen
(primary AFFERENT region)
Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?
*primarily a motor linkage
Putamen
Both the Direct and Indirect Pathway follows this order:
Cortex -> _______ -> globus pallidus…..
neostriatum
3 main characteristics of Parkinson’s
- akinesia; bradykinesia
- rigidity
- tremors (pill rolling)
Which is NOT a characteristic of Parkinson’s?
- impaired postural mechanism
- impaired motor accuracy
- slowed gait, short steps
- loss of facial expression
- monotone speech
- impaired motor accuracy
* motor accuracy remains, it is control that is lacking
Which is NOT an area of Dopamine production?
- substantia nigra
- ventral tegmentum
- hypothalamus
- dorsal tegmentum
- dorsal tegmentum
* substantia nigra is the main production area
What is the main feature of Parkinson’s?
loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra
What is the secondary feature of Parkinson’s?
loss of serotonin & norepinephrine
TRUE/FALSE
*Parkinson’s in a fast progressing disorder
FALSE
*Parkinson’s is slow progression
TRUE/FALSE
*Rigidity is present at rest, and is more pronounced with stretch in a patient with Parkinson’s.
TRUE
In a patient with Parkinson’s, what happens with purposeful movement?
reduction of tremor
Which is NOT a non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s?
- depression
- sleep disorder
- gait/balance problem
- sleep disorder
- slurred speech
- slurred speech
* Huntington’s characteristic
* autonomic dysfuntion is another non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s
TRUE/FALSE
Huntington’s has a genetic link
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE
Huntington’s is associated with dementia
TRUE
What are the first signs of Huntington’s?
- clumsiness/jerky movement
2. slurred speech
Chorea/athetoid movements does with Parkinson’s or Huntington’s?
Huntington’s
Parkinson’s is a reduction of _____ Pathway while Huntington’s has too much activation of _____ Pathway.
Direct; Indirect
TRUE/FALSE
Huntington’s Disease leads to greater activation on the cortex which causes involuntary movements & intellectual decline.
TRUE
Describe Huntington’s pathway.
GABA cells are lost first, decreasing their input to the GP–> decreases activation of the indirect motor pathway –> loss of thalamic inhibition–> greater activation on the cortex, involuntary movement
TRUE/FALSE
Damaged cells in frontal, prefrontal cortex leads to visual decline.
Damaged cells in frontal, prefrontal cortex leads to intellectual decline.
Which disease of the Basal Ganglia has better treatment options?
Parkinson’s
Other BG diseases:
Follows lesions to the subthalamus (hemorrhage), characterized by flinging, rotatory movement
hemiballismus
Other BG diseases:
primary symptom is involuntary facial movement
Tardive dyskinesia
Other BG diseases:
motor and vocal tic, possible dysfunction of caudate nucleus interaction with prefrontal cortex, seems to be linked with DA dysfunction
Tic disorders, eg Tourette’s
Other BG diseases:
inherited disease; athetosis or rigidity in children; tremor, dysarthria, dysphagia
Wilson Disease
The BG and cerebellum work together to do what?
shape output from motor cortex; motor learning
