Basal Ganglia

Question 1

TRUE/FALSE:

basal ganglia and cerebellum both provide foundation from which cortex can direct purposeful movement

Answer 1

TRUE

Question 2

Net result of Direct Motor Pathway

Answer 2

facilitation of movement

increase cortical inputs

Question 3

Net result of Indirect Motor Pathway

Answer 3

suppression of movement

decrease of cortical inputs

Question 4

Which structures of the basal ganglia receive INPUT?

Answer 4

1. caudate nucleus
2. putamen
   * Put(amen) the CA(uda)T(e nucleus) IN(put) the house.

Question 5

Which structures of the basal ganglia produce OUTPUT?

Answer 5

1. glObus pallidus
2. sUbstantia nigra
3. subThalamic nucleus

Question 6

The thalamus does what to the cortex?

Answer 6

excitatory

Question 7

The Subthalamic Nucleus projection in the ________ Pathway does what to the cortex?

Answer 7

Indirect; inhibits cortex

Question 8

Which is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?

1. cognition, related to movement
2. limbic
3. lower level processing of movement

Answer 8

3. lower level processing of movement

* HIGHER level processing (planning regions, premotor & prefrontal projections)

Question 9

Which is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?

1. facilitation of undesired & suppression of desired movement
2. initiation of internally generated movement
3. memory of motor programs

Answer 9

1. facilitation of undesired & suppression of desired movement
   * facilitation of desired & suppression of undesired movement (reward-based movement & reward anticipated movement) = DA loop

Question 10

TRUE/FALSE

Basal Ganglia influences muscle tone and generation of force

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

TRUE/FALSE

Basal Ganglia aids in the awareness of body orientation in space & provides memory for object location

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?

*receives inputs from visual fields, limbic structures, & cortical associations?

Answer 12

Caudate nucleus

Question 13

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?

*receives input from M1, S1, and secondary motor

Answer 13

Putamen

Question 14

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?
*linked with emotional link to movement, movement of eyes, and cognitive aspects of movement (motivation and rewards, planning/sequencing)

Answer 14

Caudate nucleus

Question 15

TRUE/FALSE

*the neostriatim is the caudate nucleus + subthalamic nucleus

Answer 15

FALSE
*the neostriatim = the caudate nucleus + putamen
(primary AFFERENT region)

Question 16

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?

*primarily a motor linkage

Answer 16

Putamen

Question 17

Both the Direct and Indirect Pathway follows this order:

Cortex -> _______ -> globus pallidus…..

Answer 17

neostriatum

Question 18

3 main characteristics of Parkinson’s

Answer 18

1. akinesia; bradykinesia
2. rigidity
3. tremors (pill rolling)

Question 19

Which is NOT a characteristic of Parkinson’s?

1. impaired postural mechanism
2. impaired motor accuracy
3. slowed gait, short steps
4. loss of facial expression
5. monotone speech

Answer 19

2. impaired motor accuracy

* motor accuracy remains, it is control that is lacking

Question 20

Which is NOT an area of Dopamine production?

1. substantia nigra
2. ventral tegmentum
3. hypothalamus
4. dorsal tegmentum

Answer 20

4. dorsal tegmentum

* substantia nigra is the main production area

Question 21

What is the main feature of Parkinson’s?

Answer 21

loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra

Question 22

What is the secondary feature of Parkinson’s?

Answer 22

loss of serotonin & norepinephrine

Question 23

TRUE/FALSE

*Parkinson’s in a fast progressing disorder

Answer 23

FALSE

*Parkinson’s is slow progression

Question 24

TRUE/FALSE

*Rigidity is present at rest, and is more pronounced with stretch in a patient with Parkinson’s.

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

In a patient with Parkinson's, what happens with purposeful movement?

Answer 25

reduction of tremor

Question 26

Which is NOT a non-motor symptom of Parkinson's? 1. depression 2. sleep disorder 3. gait/balance problem 4. sleep disorder 5. slurred speech

Answer 26

5. slurred speech * Huntington's characteristic * autonomic dysfuntion is another non-motor symptom of Parkinson's

Question 27

TRUE/FALSE | Huntington's has a genetic link

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

TRUE/FALSE | Huntington's is associated with dementia

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

What are the first signs of Huntington's?

Answer 29

1. clumsiness/jerky movement | 2. slurred speech

Question 30

Chorea/athetoid movements does with Parkinson's or Huntington's?

Answer 30

Huntington's

Question 31

Parkinson's is a reduction of _____ Pathway while Huntington's has too much activation of _____ Pathway.

Answer 31

Direct; Indirect

Question 32

TRUE/FALSE Huntington's Disease leads to greater activation on the cortex which causes involuntary movements & intellectual decline.

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Describe Huntington's pathway.

Answer 33

GABA cells are lost first, decreasing their input to the GP--> decreases activation of the indirect motor pathway --> loss of thalamic inhibition--> greater activation on the cortex, involuntary movement

Question 34

TRUE/FALSE | Damaged cells in frontal, prefrontal cortex leads to visual decline.

Answer 34

Damaged cells in frontal, prefrontal cortex leads to intellectual decline.

Question 35

Which disease of the Basal Ganglia has better treatment options?

Answer 35

Parkinson's

Question 36

Other BG diseases: | Follows lesions to the subthalamus (hemorrhage), characterized by flinging, rotatory movement

Answer 36

hemiballismus

Question 37

Other BG diseases: | primary symptom is involuntary facial movement

Answer 37

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 38

Other BG diseases: motor and vocal tic, possible dysfunction of caudate nucleus interaction with prefrontal cortex, seems to be linked with DA dysfunction

Answer 38

Tic disorders, eg Tourette's

Question 39

Other BG diseases: | inherited disease; athetosis or rigidity in children; tremor, dysarthria, dysphagia

Answer 39

Wilson Disease

Question 40

The BG and cerebellum work together to do what?

Answer 40

shape output from motor cortex; motor learning