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Neuro second half > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE/FALSE:

basal ganglia and cerebellum both provide foundation from which cortex can direct purposeful movement

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Net result of Direct Motor Pathway

A

facilitation of movement

increase cortical inputs

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3
Q

Net result of Indirect Motor Pathway

A

suppression of movement

decrease of cortical inputs

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4
Q

Which structures of the basal ganglia receive INPUT?

A
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. putamen
    * Put(amen) the CA(uda)T(e nucleus) IN(put) the house.
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5
Q

Which structures of the basal ganglia produce OUTPUT?

A
  1. glObus pallidus
  2. sUbstantia nigra
  3. subThalamic nucleus
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6
Q

The thalamus does what to the cortex?

A

excitatory

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7
Q

The Subthalamic Nucleus projection in the ________ Pathway does what to the cortex?

A

Indirect; inhibits cortex

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8
Q

Which is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?

  1. cognition, related to movement
  2. limbic
  3. lower level processing of movement
A
  1. lower level processing of movement

* HIGHER level processing (planning regions, premotor & prefrontal projections)

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9
Q

Which is NOT a function of the basal ganglia?

  1. facilitation of undesired & suppression of desired movement
  2. initiation of internally generated movement
  3. memory of motor programs
A
  1. facilitation of undesired & suppression of desired movement
    * facilitation of desired & suppression of undesired movement (reward-based movement & reward anticipated movement) = DA loop
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10
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Basal Ganglia influences muscle tone and generation of force

A

TRUE

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11
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Basal Ganglia aids in the awareness of body orientation in space & provides memory for object location

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?

*receives inputs from visual fields, limbic structures, & cortical associations?

A

Caudate nucleus

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13
Q

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?

*receives input from M1, S1, and secondary motor

A

Putamen

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14
Q

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?
*linked with emotional link to movement, movement of eyes, and cognitive aspects of movement (motivation and rewards, planning/sequencing)

A

Caudate nucleus

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15
Q

TRUE/FALSE

*the neostriatim is the caudate nucleus + subthalamic nucleus

A

FALSE
*the neostriatim = the caudate nucleus + putamen
(primary AFFERENT region)

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16
Q

Which structure of the Basal Ganglia is described?

*primarily a motor linkage

A

Putamen

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17
Q

Both the Direct and Indirect Pathway follows this order:

Cortex -> _______ -> globus pallidus…..

A

neostriatum

18
Q

3 main characteristics of Parkinson’s

A
  1. akinesia; bradykinesia
  2. rigidity
  3. tremors (pill rolling)
19
Q

Which is NOT a characteristic of Parkinson’s?

  1. impaired postural mechanism
  2. impaired motor accuracy
  3. slowed gait, short steps
  4. loss of facial expression
  5. monotone speech
A
  1. impaired motor accuracy

* motor accuracy remains, it is control that is lacking

20
Q

Which is NOT an area of Dopamine production?

  1. substantia nigra
  2. ventral tegmentum
  3. hypothalamus
  4. dorsal tegmentum
A
  1. dorsal tegmentum

* substantia nigra is the main production area

21
Q

What is the main feature of Parkinson’s?

A

loss of dopamine producing cells in the substantia nigra

22
Q

What is the secondary feature of Parkinson’s?

A

loss of serotonin & norepinephrine

23
Q

TRUE/FALSE

*Parkinson’s in a fast progressing disorder

A

FALSE

*Parkinson’s is slow progression

24
Q

TRUE/FALSE

*Rigidity is present at rest, and is more pronounced with stretch in a patient with Parkinson’s.

A

TRUE

25
Q

In a patient with Parkinson’s, what happens with purposeful movement?

A

reduction of tremor

26
Q

Which is NOT a non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s?

  1. depression
  2. sleep disorder
  3. gait/balance problem
  4. sleep disorder
  5. slurred speech
A
  1. slurred speech
    * Huntington’s characteristic
    * autonomic dysfuntion is another non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s
27
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Huntington’s has a genetic link

A

TRUE

28
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Huntington’s is associated with dementia

A

TRUE

29
Q

What are the first signs of Huntington’s?

A
  1. clumsiness/jerky movement

2. slurred speech

30
Q

Chorea/athetoid movements does with Parkinson’s or Huntington’s?

A

Huntington’s

31
Q

Parkinson’s is a reduction of _____ Pathway while Huntington’s has too much activation of _____ Pathway.

A

Direct; Indirect

32
Q

TRUE/FALSE
Huntington’s Disease leads to greater activation on the cortex which causes involuntary movements & intellectual decline.

A

TRUE

33
Q

Describe Huntington’s pathway.

A

GABA cells are lost first, decreasing their input to the GP–> decreases activation of the indirect motor pathway –> loss of thalamic inhibition–> greater activation on the cortex, involuntary movement

34
Q

TRUE/FALSE

Damaged cells in frontal, prefrontal cortex leads to visual decline.

A

Damaged cells in frontal, prefrontal cortex leads to intellectual decline.

35
Q

Which disease of the Basal Ganglia has better treatment options?

A

Parkinson’s

36
Q

Other BG diseases:

Follows lesions to the subthalamus (hemorrhage), characterized by flinging, rotatory movement

A

hemiballismus

37
Q

Other BG diseases:

primary symptom is involuntary facial movement

A

Tardive dyskinesia

38
Q

Other BG diseases:
motor and vocal tic, possible dysfunction of caudate nucleus interaction with prefrontal cortex, seems to be linked with DA dysfunction

A

Tic disorders, eg Tourette’s

39
Q

Other BG diseases:

inherited disease; athetosis or rigidity in children; tremor, dysarthria, dysphagia

A

Wilson Disease

40
Q

The BG and cerebellum work together to do what?

A

shape output from motor cortex; motor learning

Neuro second half (9 decks)

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