QUESTIONS THAT COULD BE ON TOPIC TEST

Question 1

describe the limitations of using a dialysing tube as the plasma membrane

Answer 1

dialysising tube cannot model the proteins eg. carrier or channel proteins embedded in the celluar memrbane which assist transport of materials across the membrane

Question 2

differ in feautes of dinoflagellate and bacterium

Answer 2

a dino flagellate would contain membrna bound orangelles, whereas bacteria would not

Question 3

describe how an amoeba, heterophic protist, may engulf bacteria

Answer 3

the amoebas or heterophicn protistsplasma membrane would surround the bacterium, fusing to form a vesicle containing the bacteria which would then enter the amoeba to be digested

Question 4

compare the chances of survival of two dino flagellates in a low light enviorment, assuming one has chlorpplasts with granum containing fewer thykalids and the other has chlroplast with granum containing many thykloids.Justify your answer

Answer 4

the dinoflagellate with many thykaloids is more likely to survive in low light because more thykaloids should allow more light to be absorbed for photosythensis.

In a low light enviornemnet fewer thyalkoids may mean not enough light is absorbed for suffifencet level of photythensis for survival.

Question 5

on the surface of the plasma membrane are some carbohydrate protrusions. name the complex consisitng of these protusions and a phosophlipid and descibre the function of these protusions

Answer 5

glycoplipids

glycolipids act as receptors and assist in cell signallin

Question 6

there is a hgihg concentraiton of a certia ion outside the cell than inside the cell. Justify the pathwya that the ion takes

Answer 6

The ion would move through the protien channel via faciliated diffusion as it is a charged molceule repelled by the fatty acid phosophlipid tails.

It would move down the concentration gradient from an area of low solute concentraiton to an area of high solute concentration to the intracelluar region

Question 7

suggest why bacteria have developed antibiotic resistance over short period of time since the antibiotics were devleoped and widely used, compared to mutlicelluar ogranisms which evolve much more slowly

Answer 7

binary fission is a very quick process compares to reproduction in mutlicelluar organisms

therfeore, bacteria undergos DNA mutations and evolutions by selection by the antibiotics much quicker than mutlicelluar organisms do

Question 8

disadvatnage of binary fission

Answer 8

lack of diveristy

Question 9

What is cancer and what causes it

Answer 9

cancer is a disease taht spreads uncontrollably due to malfunctions of regulatory processes of cell devision.

It often results from exposure to environmental factors like carcinogens or genetic factorsthat make an individaul more susceptible to developing cance.r

Question 10

besides the loss of stem cells, what is a possible side effect of chemotherapy. Explain why this side affect may arise

Answer 10

Infertility may occur due to chemotehrapy doing damage to normal cells in addition to cancer cells

Question 11

Are stem cells pluripotent or somatic. Justify your answer

Answer 11

stem cells are somatic because pluripotent stem cells are only found in embyros whilst somatic stem cells can be found in adults

Question 12

What is a possible side effect of stem cell transplant?

Answer 12

the body of the stem cell recipient may reject the donor stem cell

Question 13

describe two ways in which cancer cells flourish over normal human cells

Answer 13

cancer cells induce the formation of blood supply (angiogenesis) and thus receive extra nutrients and blood than normal cells

Question 14

In some plants, a modified leaf forms an insect trap. ‘Motor cells’ are located along the midrib of the modified leaf. In their resting state, these cells are turgid and contain potassium ions at a concentration higher than the surrounding fluid. When the trap is triggered, potassium ions stream out of the motor cells through ion channels. The cells lose their turgidity. The pressure in the surrounding cells then causes the modified leaf to bend and so the trap closes.

When the trap is opening, by what process are potassium ions moved into the motor cells?

Explain your answer.

Answer 14

Active transport, because ATP energy is required to move the potassium ions into the motor cell against their concentration gradient.

Question 15

n some plants, a modified leaf forms an insect trap. ‘Motor cells’ are located along the midrib of the modified leaf. In their resting state, these cells are turgid and contain potassium ions at a concentration higher than the surrounding fluid. When the trap is triggered, potassium ions stream out of the motor cells through ion channels. The cells lose their turgidity. The pressure in the surrounding cells then causes the modified leaf to bend and so the trap closes.

When the trap is closing, by what process do potassium ions stream out of the cell?

Explain your answer.

Answer 15

Facilitated diffusion, because the ions are moving down a concentration gradient, and through a channel protein (ion channel).

Question 16

In some plants, a modified leaf forms an insect trap. ‘Motor cells’ are located along the midrib of the modified leaf. In their resting state, these cells are turgid and contain potassium ions at a concentration higher than the surrounding fluid. When the trap is triggered, potassium ions stream out of the motor cells through ion channels. The cells lose their turgidity. The pressure in the surrounding cells then causes the modified leaf to bend and so the trap closes.

Explain why the cells lose their turgidity when potassium ions stream out of the motor cells.

Answer 16

As the potassium ions move out of the motor cells, water also moves out by osmosis. As a result, ion concentration outside the cell increases. Therefore, the cell loses its turgidity

Question 17

Chlamydomonas are classified into Kingdom Protista, Phylum Chlorophyta. Each cell has a cell wall made of a complex molecule called glycoprotein.

In what way is this cell wall not typical of a true plant cell?

Answer 17

Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, not glycoprotein.

Question 18

incorrect statements about the cell theory

Answer 18

all cells require glucose to meet their deamdns
ALL cells can produce new cells from preexisiting cells

Question 19

do all plantcells contian chrlopalst

Answer 19

no root cells have no chlropalasr

Question 20

fungi cell walls r made of

Answer 20

chitin

Question 21

Eukaryotes have membran bound organelles that result in the formation of comparmtent like structuers; this is usefule because

Answer 21

it enables partiuclar molcuelcs to selcvltey enter aneexit the cell

Question 22

which structure would play the most direct role in excretion of sweat during excerise

Answer 22

RER

Question 23

sOME CELLS in the body such as entercytoes(ntestintal absorptive cells are involved in the uptake of moleucles in the body. Amino acids are one such molecule absorbed from digested food in the small intestine into the entercytoes lining gut wall.

By what process would the amino acids be taken in entercyotes if a low portein content meal was eaten

Answer 23

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Question 24

It is notde that bacteria cells are much smaller in size than similary shaped typicak eukaryotic cell. Explain why this made an advnatage to bactiera

Answer 24

bacteria has agreater surface area to volume ratio, which signinfcal increase the effiency of transport of materials across the cell’s plasma membrane.

Question 25

Prokaryoteiccells such as bactiera do not have mmebrane bound organelles embbeded in their cytoplasm. This is a fundmanetalchrastctierisic of eukayrotic cells. Explain the purpsoe fo this feature

Answer 25

the presence of mmebrane bound organlles allows for the compartemalismsaton of cytosol in eukaryotic cells, creating a varieyt of intracelluar environemnet facilating speicifc biochemical functions of differnet organelles.

Question 26

Describe the chemical reactio that takes place to join aino acids together for ribosomes

Answer 26

The chemical reacitonthat produces proteins is condensaiton polymerisation reaction. Eneegry is an input and water is an output of this endergonic reaction as each amino acid comoner adds to the chain.

Question 27

chemical equation of hpotheystehnsis

Answer 27

6CO2+6H20 chlorplhyll/sunlight> C6 H12 06+60^2

Question 28

photyothenseitc bacteria such as cynobacteria have been proposed for use byy othre scietnists. Wy might these be more benfifiac in plant speicifes

Answer 28

bactria may be more energy dense than plants, and easier to culture hence requiring frewer resources to grow the samea mount of nutrients as bacteri

Question 29

3 ways to increase surface area

Answer 29

decreasing size
flattening shape
folding

Question 30

Compare the DNA found in a cell during G1 phase and G2 phase.

Answer 30

DNA is in its first phase of interphase in G1 phase whereas in the G2 phase DNA is in its final stage of interphase. In the G1 phase DNA has not been replicated yet so it would contain 46 chromeosm adn 46 chroamtids. Whereas, in the G2 phase the DNA has already gone through the S phase and been duplicated, therefore the cell contains 46 chroomes and 92 chromatids.

Question 31

an example of pluripotent cells and where they come from

Answer 31

embyronic stem cells come from a blastocyte

Question 32

an example of multipotent cells and where they comefrom

Answer 32

an exmaple are blood cells which come from the bone marrow

Question 33

An exmaple of totipotent cells andwhere they come from

Answer 33

a zygote which comes frm sperm and egg

Question 34

An example of a unipotent cell and where it comes from

Answer 34

unipotent cell example is lung cell which comes from a mutlipotent cell

Question 35

Why would the arrow go in the direction drawn(area of high ion cncentration outsdie the cell to low ion coencntraitoninsidethecell)

Answer 35

The ions would move thorugh the channel proteins via facilated diffusion as it is a charge molecule replled by the hydrophobic tails. It would move down the concentration gradeitn to the intraceluar region